老年性胃间质瘤的螺旋CT表现及其病理基础

目的探讨老年性胃间质瘤的螺旋CT表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法收集资料完整的老年性胃间质瘤47例,分析其螺旋CT表现及病理基础。结果良性11例,交界性9例,恶性27例;腔内型5例,腔外型30例,腔内外型12例。良性、交界肿瘤CT平扫呈圆形或类圆形均匀密度软组织肿块,肿瘤直径常小于5cm,增强扫描病灶呈中度以上的较均匀强化;恶性病变CT平扫为较大的不规则或分叶状肿块,其内有出血、坏死、囊变及钙化,增强扫描肿物呈不均匀强化,其内坏死、囊变区无强化,动脉期瘤体旁可见排列成簇状或线状增强的细小血管,静脉期病变强化程度高于动脉期。结合手术病理,CT对病变定位准确率为100％,定性准确率达91％。结论螺旋CT能很好反映老年性胃间质瘤的生长方式及病理基础,存肿瘤的检出、判断肿瘤与周围器官的关系、有无转移及良恶性鉴别等方面均有重要价值。     

CT在漏斗胸诊断和微创Nuss手术中的作用

目的 探讨CT在漏斗胸术前诊断和微创Nuss手术中的应用.方法 2002年7月到2008年9月648例NUSS手术病例均行术前CT检查,分析病人胸廓的畸形程度、分型、与周围脏器的关系和发现合并症,对手术进行指导和评价.结果 648例均顺利完成手术,CT分度为中度73例(11.27%),重度575例(88.73%).对称型407例(62.81%),偏心型83例(12.81%),不均衡型158例(24.38%).术前发现其他合并症116例(17.90%),CT检查确诊55例,占发现合并症的47.41%;55例中28例同期进行了手术.结论 CT能有效评价胸廓的畸形程度、分型、指导手术的入路、减少并发症的发生,并能进一步发现其他先天畸形等合并症,还是漏斗胸微创Nuss手术的术前常规检查和重要评估手段.     

肾病综合征合并血栓栓塞症临床特点分析

目的:回顾性分析肾病综合征(NS)不同肾脏病理类型合并血栓栓塞症患者临床表现和实验室检查特点。方法:42例NS合并血栓栓塞症患者均行肾活检明确诊断,其病理类型包括微小病变(MCD)9例(21.4%)、局灶节段性肾小球硬化(FSGS)10例(23.8%)和膜性肾病(MN)23例(54.8%)。分析患者发生血栓栓塞症时的临床表现,血液和尿液等实验室检查特点。血栓栓塞症的确诊方法为:肾血管、下腔静脉、肺动脉以及腹部其他血管行CT血管成像(CTA);四肢深静脉、颈内静脉采用压迫型超声;磁共振血管成像(MRA)检查头颅血管。结果:(1)本组患者年龄9岁～65岁,三组患者平均年龄、性别分布无统计学差异,MN组平均年龄(36.2±17.0)岁,较文献报道特发性MN患者平均年龄水平低(P0.05)。(2)NS病程中的任何阶段均可发生血栓栓塞症,MCD组多见于NS复发阶段,MN组多为NS治疗无效者。(3)全身深静脉均可发生血栓,常见部位:肾静脉血栓(RVT)21处、肺动脉栓塞(PE)15处和下腔静脉10处;90.5%RVT和60%PE患者为MN组;MN组平均每例发生血栓部位数(1.87处)显著高于MCD(1.1处)和FSGS(1.1处)。(4)镜下或肉眼血尿、腰痛和肾脏体积增大为RVT患者的常见临床症状;PE患者主要临床症状为胸痛、呼吸困难和咯血;少数患者为无症状性VTE。(5)实验室检查结果提示MN组血白蛋白高于MCD和FSGS组,而胆固醇、血红蛋白水平,血小板数量和红细胞压积均低于MCD和FSGS组;MCD和FSGS组抗凝血酶III值降低尤其明显(均低于MN组)。D二聚体阳性率86.5%。结论:NS合并血栓栓塞症十分常见,不同病理类型,其发生血栓的时间、部位和实验室检查特点有所不同,少数患者发生VTE可无临床症状,高危患者D二聚体阴性亦不能排除血栓可能,需进一步筛查。     

Pregnancy and ��-thalassemia: an Italian multicenter experience

Background

Recent advances in the management of thalassemia have significantly improved life expectancy and quality of life of patients with this hemoglobinopathy, with a consequent increase in their reproductive potential and desire to have children.

Design and Methods

We describe the methods of conception and delivery, as well as the course and outcome of pregnancy including transfusions, iron overload and chelation in 46 women with thalassemia major (58 pregnancies) and in 11 women with thalassemia intermedia (17 pregnancies). Conception was achieved after gonadotrophin-induced ovulation in 33 of the women with thalassemia major and spontaneously in all of those with thalassemia intermedia.

Results

Among the women with thalassemia major, 91% of the pregnancies resulted in successful delivery of 45 singleton live-born neonates, five sets of twins and one set of triplets. No secondary complications of iron overload developed or worsened during pregnancy. When considering only the singleton pregnancies, the proportion of babies with intrauterine growth retardation did not differ from that reported in the general Italian population. The high prevalence of pre-term births (32.7%) was mostly related to multiple pregnancies and precautionary reasons. Pregnancy was safe in most women with thalassemia major or intermedia. However, women with thalassemia intermedia who had never previously been transfused or who had received only minimal transfusion therapy were at risk of severe alloimmune anemia if blood transfusions were required during pregnancy.

Conclusions

Provided that a multidisciplinary team is available, pregnancy is possible, safe and usually has a favorable outcome in patients with thalassemia. In women with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, gonadal function is usually intact and fertility is usually retrievable.     

腹腔镜与阴式子宫全切术对盆底功能的影响

目的：探讨经阴道子宫切除术（TVH）、腹腔镜下子宫切除术（LTH）、与腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫全切术（LAVH）三种术式对盆底功能的影响。方法：216例非脱垂子宫全切术患者随机分为3组,分别接受TVH、LTH与LAVH手术。术后系统随访。评价术后6个月时的阴道脱垂程度、膀胱和直肠膨出程度、压力性尿失禁情况和盆底肌肉肌力。结果：TVH组、LTH组、LAVH组阴道脱垂分别为2例（2.8%）、1例（1.4%）、1例（1.4%）（P〉0.05）;膀胱和直肠膨出分别为3例（4.2%）、1例（1.4%）、2例（2.8%）（P〉0.05）;压力性尿失禁分别为4例（5.6%）、2例（2.8%）、3例（4.2%）（P〉0.05）;TVH组盆底肌肉肌力最弱（P〈0.05）,而LTH组与LAVH组两组间肌力相似。结论：3种子宫切除术对盆底功能影响均较小;而腹腔镜下子宫切除术与腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫全切术对盆底肌肉肌力影响更小;而腹腔镜辅助下阴式子宫全切术难度较小,更值得推荐。     

UAE-IC法测定滇龙胆中5种阴离子

目的:建立了超声波辅助提取(UAE)-离子色谱(IC)法测定中药滇龙胆中F-,Cl-,NO 2-,NO 3-,PO34-5种阴离子含量的方法。方法:分别研究进样量、淋洗液配比、流速和温度等对5种离子分离效果的影响,同时考察去离子水和NaOH溶液(3.0 mmol·L-1)不同提取时间对5种离子提取率的影响。结果:进样量100μL,淋洗液Na2CO3+NaHCO3(3.50 mmol·L-1+1.0 mmol·L-1),流速1.2 mL·min-1,柱温30℃时,检出限在0.0976～1.098 4 mg·L-1;F-,Cl-,NO 2-,NO 3-,PO34-5种离子线性范围分别为2～25 mg·L-1,2～20 mg·L-1,2～100 mg·L-1,10～55 mg·L-1,40～100 mg·L-1;峰高RSD分别为0.98%,1.20%,0.77%,0.87%,2.26%;峰面积RSD分别为0.58%,1.27%,0.73%,0.92%,2.33%。采用NaOH(3.0mmol.L-1)提取30 min,10 000 r.min-1离心20 min,0.45μm滤膜过滤处理;F-,Cl-,NO 3-,PO34-等4种离子加标回收率分别为110.38%,106.18%,96.47%,117.23%,NO 2-未检出。结论:测定中药滇龙胆不同部位中5种阴离子含量的方法可行,结果可信。     

Do smoking reduction interventions promote cessation in smokers not ready to quit?

Background

Limited treatment options exist for smokers who are not ready to make a quit attempt. Smoking reduction may be a viable treatment approach if proven to increase the rates of long-term abstinence from smoking.

Method

A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials that tested smoking-reduction interventions (pharmacological, behavioral, or both combined) among smokers who were not ready to make a quit attempt (immediately or in the next month) was conducted to assess the efficacy of these strategies in promoting future smoking abstinence. The primary outcome was the 7-day point-prevalence smoking abstinence at longest follow-up (≥ 6 months). Ten trials were included; six tested pharmacologic interventions, one evaluated a behavioral intervention, and three evaluated combined interventions.

Results

Pharmacologic (2732 participants; OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.43 to 3.79) and combined (638 participants; OR 2.14, 95% CI: 1.28 to 3.60) smoking-reduction interventions significantly increased long-term abstinence from smoking. Insufficient evidence was available on the efficacy of behavioral smoking-reduction interventions (320 participants; OR 1.49, 95% CI 0.56 to 3.93).

Conclusions

Further research to evaluate the efficacy of smoking reduction should have cessation as an endpoint, focus on clarity and consistency in patient selection, and identify the mechanism through which nicotine replacement therapy assisted smoking reduction in increasing abstinence rates.     

Variability in the population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in South African tuberculosis patients

AIM

This study was designed to characterize the population pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in South African pulmonary tuberculosis patients.

METHODS

Concentration–time measurements obtained from 235 patients receiving oral doses of isoniazid as part of routine tuberculosis chemotherapy in two clinical studies were pooled and subjected to nonlinear mixed-effects analysis.

RESULTS

A two-compartmental model, including first-order absorption and elimination with allometric scaling, was found to describe the observed dose-exposure relationship for oral isoniazid adequately. A mixture model was used to characterize dual rates of isoniazid elimination. Estimates of apparent clearance in slow and fast eliminators were 9.70 and 21.6 l h⁻¹, respectively. The proportion of fast eliminators in the population was estimated to be 13.2%. Central volume of distribution was estimated to be 10% smaller in female patients and clearance was found to be 17% lower in patients with HIV. Variability in absorption rate (90%) was completely interoccasional in nature, whereas in relative bioavailability, interoccasional variability (8.4%) was lower than interindividual variability (26%). Oral doses, given once daily according to dosing policies at the time, were sufficient to reach therapeutic concentrations in the majority of the studied population, regardless of eliminator phenotype. Simulations suggested that current treatment guidelines (5 mg kg⁻¹) may be suboptimal in fast eliminators with low body weight.

CONCLUSIONS

A population pharmacokinetic model was developed to characterize the highly variable pharmacokinetics of isoniazid in a South African pulmonary tuberculosis patient population. Current treatment guidelines may lead to underexposure in rapid isoniazid eliminators.     

三维CT血管造影诊断血管性疾病的临床价值

目的 探讨三维CT血管造影（CTA）的应用范围及临床价值.方法 回顾性分析284例确诊为血管疾病的CTA资料,包括头颈血管组141例和躯干四肢血管组143例.扫描层厚为0.625 ～3.0 mm、螺距1.0～1.5,造影剂总量1.5 ～2.0 ml/kg.成像方法包括容积重建法（VR）、多层面重建法（MPR）、曲面重建法（CPR）、表面遮盖法（SSD）、最大强度投影法（MIP）及仿真内窥镜（VE）.诊断结果与数字减影血管造影（DSA）和/或手术对比.结果 进行2期CT螺旋扫描,实现心脏及全身血管三维成像,图像质量符合诊断要求.本组CTA诊断血管性疾病的敏感性、特异性、准确率分别为97.28％、82.35％、96.48％.CTA显示动脉瘤瘤体大小与DSA基本一致（P＞0.05）,但较手术测量小（P＜0.05）.结论 三维CTA适用于心脏及全身血管检查,可弥补常规CT检查的不足,具有诊断准确率高、无创伤的特点和部分替代创伤性DSA的潜力.     

16层螺旋CT对泌尿系结石的诊断价值

目的探讨16层螺旋CT平扫对泌尿系结石的诊断价值。方法对25例拟诊泌尿系结石的患者进行CT平扫及图像多平面重建并分析。结果25例患者中CT诊断泌尿系结石21例,计35个结石,其中肾脏结石22个,输尿管结石13个。5例超声漏诊8个结石,其中肾脏结石6个,输尿管结石2个;6例患者做了静脉肾盂造影摄片（KUB）或／和静脉尿路造影（IVP）,均未检出结石。结论多层螺旋CT平扫是诊断泌尿系结石的精确、快捷方法。