Interactive technology applications for behavioral counseling: issues and opportunities for health care settings

CONTENT: This article discusses the rationale for, and the potential benefits and limitations of, computer-based interactive health communication (IHC) programs for health behavior counseling. We describe common barriers to health behavior counseling in medical settings and show how IHCs can address these issues. Following an overview of current and likely near-future IHCs, the potential impact of IHCs on the patient-provider relationship is considered. Results from evaluations of IHCs are summarized and important and unique issues in evaluating IHCs are discussed. We conclude with recommendations for clinical applications, including recommendations for consumers considering purchase or adoption of IHCs and recommendations for future research.     

周围型肺癌阻塞性病变的CT表现

目的：确定ＣＴ 图像上周围型肺癌之肺部阻塞性病变的诊断作用。方法：１８ 例周围型肺癌和１２ 例良性肺肿块对照者均经常规ＣＴ 扫描,绝大多数病人经肿块部位及其上下一层的深呼吸时相ＣＴ 扫描。结果：周围型肺癌的肺部阻塞性病变计有肺不张、阻塞性肺炎、阻塞性肺气肿及肺静脉癌栓。结论：注重ＣＴ 图像上周围型肺癌的各种肺部阻塞性病变,可为肺癌确诊提供重要的诊断依据。     

使用Excel 7.0for Windows95优化换热网络

提出了使用Ｅｘｃｅｌ ７．０ ｆｏｒ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ９５简便和快速优化换热网络的方法。首先由Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ法确定全局最优点的近似位置,然后由“Ｓｏｌｖｅｒ”求得精确解。全部优化过程由ＶＢＡ语言编写。此法可用于解决许多工程优化问题。     

Do bilineal pedigrees represent a problem for linkage analysis? basic principles and simulation results for single-gene diseases with no heterogeneity

Some investigators have expressed concern--especially for psychiatric disorders--that bilineal pedigrees should not be included in linkage studies. This study compares the "informativeness" of bilineal and unilineal families for a homogeneous single-gene disorder. Three approaches were used: (1) simulation studies of three-generation pedigrees, (2) calculation of expected lod scores (ELODs) in nuclear families, and (3) calculation of Fisher's information number I(theta) in nuclear families. The simulation studies in (1) permitted a realistic comparison between bilineal datasets and purely unilineal ones. The calculations in nuclear families in (2) and (3) then made it possible to analyze the sources of information loss in bilineal families. Overall, in datasets of five three-generation pedigrees each, the drop in mean maximum lod score was approximately 50% from purely unilineal datasets to extremely bilineal ones. In less-extreme bilineal datasets, which are closer to most real data than the extremely bilineal ones, the drops in lod score were very small--less than 10% in some, and practically zero in others. The details will vary, depending on size and structure of the pedigree, genetic model, true value of the recombination fraction, and informativeness of the marker. However, these results imply that the information loss due to bilineality is not necessarily very great. The nuclear-family calculations showed that for phase-known matings there is relatively little information loss in bilineal families, but for phase-unknown matings there the loss is much greater. In conclusion, for single-gene disorders with no genetic heterogeneity, whereas bilineal families can be less informative than comparable unilineal families, they are not so much less informative that they should automatically be discarded from linkage datasets. The implications of bilineal pedigrees for linkage studies of heterogeneous disorders are also discussed.     

Analysis of intracranial pressure

Methods for the acquisition and analysis of intracranial pressure (ICP) signals are reviewed from clinical and technical perspectives. The clinical importance of ICP monitoring is presented, and methods for ICP transduction are briefly discussed. These methods include intraventricular catheters, subarachnoid screws, epidural techniques, and the new fiberoptic ICP measurement systems. Approaches to the visual analysis of the ICP waveform are presented, with special emphasis on the relationship between the ICP waveform and the arterial blood pressure signal. Methods of computer-based ICP analysis are also reviewed, including histogram and systems analysis methods. Methods to predict ICP pressure rises and to estimate intracranial compliance are also discussed. Finally, ICP monitoring is reviewed from the point of view of patient outcome. It is concluded that advanced ICP waveform analysis methods warrant further clinical evaluation to demonstrate their clinical usefulness.     

Mass lesions of the frontal lobes in acute head injuries. A comparison with temporal lesions

Summary Contusions and lacerations of the frontal lobes are very frequent; 43.4% in the whole series of traumatic brain mass lesions. Clinical, ICP, CT scan data and neuropathological findings in patients with such lesions are analysed and correlated. Moreover, the clinical features and the outcome of frontal masses undergoing surgery are also compared with similar lesions located in the temporal lobes.Frontal lesions cannot be differentiated on purely clinical grounds and the factors governing the outcome in both locations are the same. On the whole, surgical indications nowadays seem to be rather rare; only lesions behaving truly as expanding lesions with obvious intracranial hypertension benefiting from surgery.Brain contusion-laceration syndromes in general can no longer be considered separate entities. Neither should they be included in the miscellaneous group of traumatic intracranial mass lesions, since the pathophysiological significance of purely extracerebral effusions is entirely different.Traumatic contusions and lacerations and/or intracerebral haematomas, whether frontal or located elsewhere, should, instead, be considered in the context of head injuries of a different degree of gravity, as having collateral features which, on occasion, may call for surgical management.     

冠状动脉MSCT成像技术探讨

目的探讨回顾性心电门控技术在MSCT冠状动脉成像中的应用。方法15例患者做MSCT冠状动脉成像检查,采用回顾性心电门控和心脏分段重建算法,选择0.5s螺旋扫描。在9个R-Rinterval上进行冠状动脉CT图像重建。结果15例患者的230个冠状动脉节段(内径>2mm)中,213个节段(91%)在70%R-Rinterval上显示最好,15(6.4)、9(3.8%)和3(1.3%)个节段分别在80%、40%和50%R-Rinterval上显示最好。结论冠状动脉通常在心动周期R波后70%R-Rinterval上显示最好。     

13例肝局灶性结节增生的CT和MR诊断

目的 探讨肝脏局灶性结节增生(FNH)的CT和MR表现及诊断价值。方法 回顾分析13例经手术病理证实为肝脏FNH的CT和MR表现，研究其影像的诊断价值。结果 13例FNH的CT和MR中7例表现较为典型，CT平扫等密度，T1WI为等信号，T2WI为等信号或稍高信号；部分病灶可见中央区低密度瘢痕，增强动脉期除中央瘢痕外均明显强化，门静脉期常见明显强化，延时期多为等密度，瘢痕可稍有强化；术前作出正确诊断。6例FNH表现不典型，CT低密度灶，T1WI为低信号，T2WI为高信号，无瘢痕和轻度强化；术前3例诊断为恶性肿瘤，3例诊断为血管瘤。结论 FNH的CT和MR表现在术前进行综合分析，多数可明确诊断。     

矽肺的CT表现

目的 探讨矽肺的CT表现。方法 对已确诊的32例矽肺病例的CT表现进行回顾性分析。结果 32例矽肺主要CT表现为：小圆形、小结节30例，伴发大阴影11例，胸膜下小叶间隔增厚18例，胸膜斑形成8例，肺门、纵隔淋巴结钙化13例、肿大2例；单纯网格状阴影2例，矽肺并发结核3例。结论 CT对矽肺具有很好的诊断价值。     

TUMORS INVADING PARAPHARYNGEAL SPACE : REFINED IMAGING DIAGNOSIS

ＴＵＭＯＲＳＩＮＶＡＤＩＮＧＰＡＲＡＰＨＡＲＹＮＧＥＡＬＳＰＡＣＥ：ＲＥＦＩＮＥＤＩＭＡＧＩＮＧＤＩＡＧＮＯＳＩＳＺｈｕａｎｇＱｉｘｉｎ庄奇新ＣｈｅｎｇＹｉｎｇｓｈｅｎｇ程英升ＹａｎｇＳｈｉｘｕｎ杨世埙Ｓｈａｎｇｋｅｚｈｏｎｇ尚克中ＹａｎＸｉｎｈｕａ...