The EuroPrevall birth cohort study on food allergy: baseline characteristics of 12,000 newborns and their families from nine European countries

It is unclear why some children develop food allergy. The EuroPrevall birth cohort was established to examine regional differences in the prevalence and risk factors of food allergy in European children using gold-standard diagnostic criteria. The aim of this report was to describe pre-, post-natal and environmental characteristics among the participating countries. In nine countries across four major European climatic regions, mothers and their newborns were enrolled from October 2005 through February 2010. Using standardized questionnaires, we assessed allergic diseases and self-reported food hypersensitivity of parents and siblings, nutrition during pregnancy, nutritional supplements, medications, mode of delivery, socio-demographic data and home environmental exposures. A total of 12,049 babies and their families were recruited. Self-reported adverse reactions to food ever were considerably more common in mothers from Germany (30%), Iceland, United Kingdom, and the Netherlands (all 20-22%) compared with those from Italy (11%), Lithuania, Greece, Poland, and Spain (all 5-8%). Prevalence estimates of parental asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema were highest in north-west (Iceland, UK), followed by west (Germany, the Netherlands), south (Greece, Italy, Spain) and lowest in central and east Europe (Poland, Lithuania). Over 17% of Spanish and Greek children were exposed to tobacco smoke in utero compared with only 8-11% in other countries. Caesarean section rate was highest in Greece (44%) and lowest in Spain (<3%). We found country-specific differences in antibiotic use, pet ownership, type of flooring and baby's mattress. In the EuroPrevall birth cohort study, the largest study using gold-standard diagnostic criteria for food allergy in children worldwide, we found considerable country-specific baseline differences regarding a wide range of factors that are hypothesized to play a role in the development of food allergy including allergic family history, obstetrical practices, pre- and post-natal environmental exposures.     

Prediction of outcome at 5 years from assessments at 2 years among extremely preterm children: a Norwegian national cohort study

Aim: To examine the predictive value of early assessments on developmental outcome at 5 years in children born extremely preterm. Methods: This is a prospective observational study of all infants born in Norway in 1999–2000 with gestational age (GA) <28 weeks or birth weight (BW) <1000 g. At 2 years of age, paediatricians assessed mental and motor development from milestones. At 5 years, parents completed questionnaires on development and professional support before cognitive function was assessed with Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence‐Revised (WPPSI‐R) and motor function with the Movement Assessment Battery for children (ABC test). Results: Twenty‐six of 373 (7%) children had cerebral palsy at 2 and 29 of 306 (9%) children at 5 years. Of children without major impairments, 51% (95% CI 35–67) of those with and 22% (95% CI 16–28) without mental delay at 2 years had IQ <85 at 5 years, and 36% (95% CI 20–53 with and 16% (95% CI 11–21) without motor delay at 2 years had an ABC score >95th percentile (poor function). Approximately half of those without major impairments but IQ <85 or ABC score >95th percentile had received support or follow‐up beyond routine primary care. Conclusion: Previous assessments had limited value in predicting cognitive and motor function at 5 years in these extremely preterm children without major impairments.     

Survival and neurodevelopmental outcome of ELBW children at 5 years of age: comparison of two cohorts born 10 years apart

Aim: To examine survival and outcome of extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) children (birth weight < 1000 g) in two 5‐year periods, 10 years apart. Methods: In a retrospective population‐based study, information on all ELBW children born in Iceland in 1991–1995 and in 2001–2005 was obtained from the National Birth Registry, hospital charts and medical records. The two periods were compared. Results: In 1991–1995, 102 of 22.261 newborn children (0.5%) were extremely low birth weight compared with 70 of 20.923 newborns (0.33%) in 2001–2005 (p = 0.04). At 5 years of age, 52% (35/67) of live‐born children born in 1991–1995 were alive compared with 63% (31/49) of children born in 2001 – 2005 (p = 0.2). Six ELBW children (17%) born 1991–1995 were diagnosed with disabilities at 5 years of age, three with major neurodevelopmental disabilities compared with six (19%) born 2001–2005, thereof one with severe neurodevelopmental disabilities (p = 0.57). Conclusion: The incidence of childhood disabilities in ELBW children in Iceland remains stable despite an increase in survival rate. The severity of neurodevelopmental disabilities has decreased.     

ATP-binding cassette member A3 (E292V) gene mutation and pulmonary morbidity in very-low-birth-weight infants

Aim: ATP‐binding cassette member A 3 (ABCA3) plays a critical role for the transport of surfactant phospholipids into the lamellar bodies of type II alveolar epithelial cells. Term infants carrying the E292V missense mutation of the gene encoding ABCA3 are likely to develop respiratory distress syndrome, and the mutation has also been linked to interstitial lung disease in paediatric patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the E292V genotype with pulmonary morbidity in a large cohort of very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants. Methods: We performed a genetic association study with a prospective, population‐based multi‐centre cohort of 3177 VLBW infants born in 16 German study centres between 2003 and 2009 (German Neonatal Network). The ABCA3 genotype was determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism–PCR in genomic DNA samples derived from buccal swabs. Results: In a large cohort of 3177 VLBW infants, 11 individuals were found to be heterozygote for the E292V mutation (0.34%). After stratification according to ABCA3 genotype, no differences were noted for clinical characteristics, necessary treatments and neonatal pulmonary outcomes. Conclusions: Within the size limits of our study cohort, the ABCA3 missense mutation E292V had no remarkable effect on pulmonary outcome in VLBW infants. Present results do not rule out the possibility that E292V phenotype is associated with minor difference in the morbidity.     

过氧化物酶增殖激活受体γC161T基因多态性与低出生体质量新生儿的关系

目的 探讨基因过氧化物酶增殖激活受体( PPAR)γ C161T多态性对低出生体质量新生儿的影响.方法 用横断面调查法,使用统一的调查表,对入住本院分娩的孕妇及其单胎、活胎的低出生体质量儿和健康对照新生儿进行凋查,共得到有效样本268个母亲-新生儿对,并根据出生体质量和孕周进行分组,分为健康对照组和低出生体质量组,其中低出生体质量组包括早产儿组和小于胎龄儿组.使用多聚酶链-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)方法检测其外周血基因PPARγ C161T单核苷酸多态性,分析不同基因型对其低出生体质量的影响.结果 1.根据双变量Logistic回归分析得出低出生体质最与父母的受教育水平、职业、家庭居住环境和氛围及维生素的补充相关,相关系数分别为-0.434、-0.337、-0.343、-0.269、-0.691、0.296、0.235.2.PPARγC161T多态性CC型、CT型与TT型基因频率分布在健康对照组、小于胎龄儿组和早产儿组分别为53.33％、14.44％、21.11％,75.00％、18.18％、6.82％和76.67％、20.00％、3.33％,早产儿组和小于胎龄儿组比较均无统计学差异,但与健康对照组比较均有统计学差异.携带C等位基因增加低出生体质量的风险,低出生体质量组携带CC基因型风险与健康出生体质量儿的OR值分别为1.93895％ CI:1.001～3.750,P=0.002)、2.122(95％ CI:1.091 ～4.127,P=0.000).结论 低出生体质量是环境和遗传因素共同作用的结果,PPARγ C161T多态性与低出生体质量有关,C等位基因可能是低出生体质量的遗传易感基因.     

超低出生体质量儿早期胃肠内微量喂养的临床研究

目的探讨超低出生体质量儿(ELBWI)最佳胃肠内喂养(EN)启动时间,以促进ELBWI体质量增长,减少并发症。方法选择2009年11月-2011年9月在北京军区总医院附属八一儿童医院新生儿重症监护中心116例ELBWI,随机分为24 h开奶组和延迟开奶组,每组各58例。24 h开奶组出生24 h内启动EN,延迟开奶组禁食3 d后启动EN。2组均接受"全合一"胃肠外营养(PN),EN 0.5～1.0 mL,2～4次.d-1,梯度增加喂养次数及奶量,至150～160 mL.kg-1.d-1,过渡为全肠内营养。观察2组患儿生化指标、体格发育指标及并发症。结果 24 h开奶组与延迟开奶组性别、胎龄、分娩方式、出生时窒息史及分娩前用药、出生体质量比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05),纳入条件相同;出院时NEC发生率、住院时间、宫外发育迟缓、喂养不耐受、总胆红素、结合胆红素、γ-谷氨酰转移酶、光疗时间、使用布洛芬在2组间比较差异均无统计学意义(Pa>0.05)。与延迟开奶组相比,24 h开奶组矫正胎龄32周时体质量较高[(1 300.6±161.2)g vs(1 174.8±192.3)g,P=0.000],恢复出生体质量时间短[(13.5±3.7)d vs(15.1±3.2)d,P=0.014],PN时间较短[(45.7±6.7)d vs(54.8±10.6)d,P=0.000],ALT[12.0(3.5,45.0)U.L-1 vs 72.0(30.0,89.3)U.L-1,P=0.000]、ALP[334.5(157.0,378.0)U.L-1 vs 560.0(409.0,997.0)U.L-1,P=0.000]、总胆汁酸[11.4(6.0,13.5)μmol.L-1vs 14.6(9.2,22.3)μmol.L-1,P=0.000]均较低。24 h开奶组胃肠外营养相关胆汁淤积(5%vs 19%,P=0.023)、脓毒症(7%vs 21%,P=0.031)的发生率低于延迟开奶组。结论 ELBWI 24 h内开奶较延迟开奶安全、有效。     

低出生体质量儿体质量发育及其影响因素

目的探讨低出生体质量儿(LBWI)出生12个月时体质量发育情况及影响因素。方法以2010年2月-2011年2月在本院出生后转入NICU的41例LBWI作为观察组,选择同期在本院产科出生的健康足月新生儿(NBWI)50例作为健康对照组。2组新生儿均于12个月时进行体质量发育评估,比较体质量发育情况;分析影响体质量发育的相关因素,调查内容包括姓名、性别、胎龄、日龄、出生体质量、娩出方式、家庭经济收入、父母文化程度、喂养方式、早期大小便训练等项目。结果 LBWI组在12个月时体质量显著低于NBWI组,差异有统计学意义(t=4.268,P<0.01)。回归分析显示,与体质量发育呈正相关的因素有孕周、出生体质量、娩出方式、喂养方式、母亲文化程度、早期大小便训练(Pa<0.05),其中孕周影响最大(OR=0.465)。结论 LBWI 12个月时体质量发育仍落后于NBWI,体质量发育受多种因素的影响,其中孕周影响最大。     

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随着早产儿救治技术的提高,出生体重<1000g的超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)的存活率明显增加,在发达国家已达到80%～90%,我国ELBWI的存活率也显著提高。     

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支气管肺发育不良(bronchopulmonary dysplasia,BPD)由1967年Northway等[1]首次报道并命名,是早产儿常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,具有独特的临床、组织学及影像学特征。     

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超低出生体重儿(extremely low birth weight infant,ELBWI)是指出生体重低于1000g的新生儿,大多为胎龄小于32周的极早产儿[1]。伴随围生期医学和新生儿医学的不断发展,ELBWI出生率不断上升,可能存活者的体重和孕周不断降低。