Maternal Vitamin C and Iron Intake during Pregnancy and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes in Children: A Birth Cohort Study

Our aim was to study the associations between maternal vitamin C and iron intake during pregnancy and the offspring’s risk of developing islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. The study was a part of the Finnish Type 1 Diabetes Prediction and Prevention (DIPP) prospective birth cohort including children genetically at risk of type 1 diabetes born between 1997–2004. The diets of 4879 mothers in late pregnancy were assessed with a validated food frequency questionnaire. The outcomes were islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis adjusted for energy, family history of diabetes, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genotype and sex was used for statistical analyses. Total intake of vitamin C or iron from food and supplements was not associated with the risk of islet autoimmunity (vitamin C: HR 0.91: 95% CI (0.80, 1.03), iron: 0.98 (0.87, 1.10)) or type 1 diabetes (vitamin C: 1.01 (0.87, 1.17), iron: 0.92 (0.78, 1.08)), neither was the use of vitamin C or iron supplements associated with the outcomes. In conclusion, no association was found between maternal vitamin C or iron intake during pregnancy and the risk of islet autoimmunity or type 1 diabetes in the offspring.     

无创高频振荡通气在极低出生体重早产儿呼吸窘迫综合征初始呼吸支持治疗中的应用

目的探讨经鼻无创高频振荡通气(NHFOV),在呼吸窘迫综合征(RDS)极低出生体重早产儿初始呼吸支持治疗的临床疗效。 方法选择2018年2月至2020年4月,于徐州市中心医院新生儿重症监护病房(NICU)治疗的92例RDS极低出生体重早产儿为研究对象。采用随机数字表法,将其分为NHFOV组(n＝48,采取NHFOV治疗)及经鼻持续气道正压通气(NCPAP)组(n＝44,采取NCPAP治疗)。对2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿一般临床资料,无创通气治疗前、后动脉血气分析指标,疗效,呼吸支持治疗相关并发症发生率及患儿死亡率,采用成组t检验、χ²检验及Mann-Whitney U检验进行统计学比较。本研究经徐州市中心医院医学伦理委员会审核批准(审批文号：XZXY-LJ-20170328-006),并且与患儿监护人均签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果①一般临床资料比较：2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿的性别、出生胎龄与体重及生后1、5 min Apgar评分,入院日龄及分娩前24 h母亲糖皮质激素使用率等一般临床资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。② 2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿动脉血气分析指标组间比较：NHFOV组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气治疗后1 h、24 h动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO₂)分别为(45.8±6.5) mmHg(1 mmHg＝0.133 kPa)及(40.8±4.7) mmHg,均显著低于NCPAP组的(49.3±5.7) mmHg及(44.2±5.2) mmHg;治疗后1 h、24 h动脉血氧分压(PaO₂)与吸入氧浓度分数(FiO₂)比值(P/F)分别为(198.8±30.5) mmHg及(215.1±32.1) mmHg,均显著高于NCPAP组的(176.4±28.1) mmHg及(190.0±29.7) mmHg,并且上述差异均有统计学意义(t＝2.809、3.301、3.663、3.881,P＝0.003、<0.001、<0.001、<0.001)。③2组动脉血气分析指标分别进行组内比较均为：无创通气治疗后24 h的pH值及治疗后1、24 h的PaCO₂水平,均较治疗前改善,而且治疗后24 h的P/F值高于治疗后1 h,并且差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。④无创通气疗效比较：NHFOV组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气治疗后,肺表面活性剂(PS)使用率及有创机械通气率(22.9%、6.3%),均显著低于NCPAP组(45.5%、20.5%),并且差异均有统计学意义(χ²＝5.219、4.084,P＝0.022、0.043)。2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿无创通气时间、柠檬酸咖啡因使用率、频繁呼吸暂停发生率及总用氧时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。⑤2组RDS极低出生体重早产儿鼻损伤、肺气漏、新生儿坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、Ⅲ~Ⅳ级脑室内出血(IVH)、早产儿视网膜病(ROP)(≥Ⅱ期)及支气管肺发育不良(BPD)发生率,以及患儿死亡率比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论与NCPAP比较,NHFOV用于RDS极低出生体重早产儿初始呼吸支持治疗,能改善氧合、减少二氧化碳(CO₂)潴留、减少有创机械通气及PS使用,同时不增加呼吸支持治疗相关并发症发生。     

早期被动操结合主动运动训练对早产/低体重儿体格及智能发育的影响研究

目的 分析早期被动操结合主动运动训练对早产/低体重儿体格及神经心理发育的影响,为其在早产/低体重儿体格及神经心理发育中的促进作用提供循证依据。方法 选取 2017年7月—2019年7月在金安区妇幼保健院高危儿门诊建档的218名早产/低体重儿作为研究对象,根据家长是否按照要求坚持对早产/低体重儿进行早期(校正6月龄前)被动操及主动运动训练的频率和持续时间不同进行分组,采用Gesell发育量表对研究对象进行神经心理发育评估,比较各组校正6月龄、12月龄时体格发育及Gesell评分情况。结果 早期被动操及主动运动训练频率越高及持续时间越长,早产/低体重儿在校正6月龄与12月龄时其体格测量值及智能发育商数越高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。与训练频率≤1 d/周组相比,除校正6月龄头围外,训练频率2～3 d/周组及≥4 d/周组的早产/低体重儿在校正6月龄及12月龄时体重、身长和头围测量值及适应能力、大运动、精细动作能区发育商数更高(P＜0.05);与持续时间0～2个月组相比,持续时间5～6个月组的早产/低体重儿在校正6月龄及12月龄时体重、身长及适应能力、精细动作、社交行为等能区发育商数更高(P＜0.05)。结论 家长坚持给予早产/低体重儿做被动操及主动运动训练对其体格和神经心理发育具有一定的促进作用。     

Child developmental and special education service receipt: The intersection of health and poverty

BackgroundChildren born of low birth weight (LBW) and/or premature may have developmental delays and difficulties. The vulnerability, without early intervention, would have detrimental lifelong effects.ObjectivesThis study examined 1) the relationship between LBW and prematurity and the occurrence and timing of children's receipt of developmental and special education services; and 2) whether poverty intersects with LBW and prematurity affecting service receipt.MethodsThis population-based study used cross-sectional data from the National Survey of Children's Health which consisted of approximately 52,000 participants aged 1–17 between 2017 and 2018 in the United States. We conducted logistic regression to analyze the predictive relationship of LBW/prematurity and the occurrence of receiving developmental and special education services. We then conducted ordered logistic regression to examine whether LBW and prematurity predicted the timing of receiving developmental and special education services. Further, we conducted moderating analyses to examine whether the predictive relationships above varied with poverty. The analyses listed above were weighted to reflect the population drawn.ResultsChildren born with LBW and prematurity were more likely to receive developmental and special education services and they tended to receive services earlier than those born at normal weight and term. Educational disparities were evident among children in low-income families. Children of LBW in low-income families were less likely to receive earlier services than those in affluent families.ConclusionsThis study indicates developmental and special education needs of children born LBW and/or premature. With restrained assets, low-income families may need more assistance to promote optimal development for their children.     

低出生体重儿危险因素病例对照研究

目的 探索低出生体重儿发生的相关危险因素。方法 对沈阳市妇婴等15家医院分娩的部分产妇进行低出出生重儿的病例对照研究。结果 在控制孕妇患慢性疾病,生殖器官畸形,严重妊妊反应,化程度和巨细胞病毒等感染以及主动吸烟等混杂因素后,产妇受孕期受被动吸烟,自然流产、人工流产史,家族低出生体重史,孕前体重指数（BMI）,职业接触有机物以及丈夫饮酒史诸因素影响,分娩低出生体重儿的危险性为对照组的2．95,2．17,2．25,2．04,2．98和1．75倍。结论 上述因素均可能是低出生体重儿的危险因素。     

Testicular sperm retrieval: What should we expect from the fresh and subsequent cryopreserved sperm injection?

We sought to compare ICSI outcomes of cycle using fresh versus thawed TESE spermatozoa obtained during the previous fresh TESE. All consecutive couples undergoing ICSI cycles using fresh TESE spermatozoa, followed by ICSI cycle using cryopreserved sperm remaining from the previous fresh TESE procedure were included. Ovarian stimulation (OS)/laboratory variables and cycle outcome were assessed and compared between those utilising fresh versus thawed TESE spermatozoa. Seventy-five couples were evaluated, with no in-between groups differences in OS nor embryological variables. While implantation and LBR per embryo transfer were nonsignificantly higher in the frozen as compared to the fresh TESE, there was a trend towards higher LBRs per patient in the frozen TESE group. The cumulative miscarriage rate (4% versus 14.7%, p < .022 respectively) was significantly lower and the cumulative LBR (34.7% versus 16%, p < .007 respectively) was significantly higher using frozen TESE spermatozoa. Moreover, significantly higher proportion of frozen TESE sperm samples used pentoxifylline to enhance sperm motility. In conclusion, the results of ICSI cycles using frozen TESE spermatozoa are as good, or even better than using fresh TESE spermatozoa. Further studies are required to explore the factors responsible for the improved ICSI outcome, while using frozen versus fresh TESE sperm samples.     

云南省农村地区早产及其影响因素研究

目的 基于云南省国家免费孕前优生健康检查项目大数据,探索云南省农村地区早产发生情况及影响因素,为早产防治提供科学依据。方法 对2010—2019年十年间云南省参加免费孕前优生健康检查且随访结局为活产的278 760对夫妇进行早产率分布及影响因素logistic回归分析。结果 云南省农村地区早产率为4.49%,年龄越大、文化程度越低、经济水平越差的早产率越高并呈现逐年增高趋势,高龄妊娠、小学及以下文化、少数民族、深度贫困、厌食蔬菜、饮酒、贫血、高血压、风疹病毒IgG阴性、偏瘦、肥胖均是早产危险因素,服用叶酸是保护因素。结论 强化贫困地区、少数民族地区健康教育,孕前控制血压、治疗贫血,孕期合理膳食控制体重、增补叶酸、戒烟戒酒改变不良生活方式可以有效预防早产发生。     

新生儿体重与优生─附13140例分析

回顾性分析了１２年来１３１４０例新生儿体重及相关因素。新生儿初生体重由１９８２年的３０５０±５７６ｇ上升至１９９３年的３３１７±４２９ｇ。低体重儿发生率由６．４％降至２．９％。大胎儿的发生率由１７．８％升至３１．８％。大胎儿剖宫产率、产后出血、新生儿窒息及第二产程延长的发生率均明显高于正常体重儿。提出预防低体重儿和大胎儿并重的原则。     

Do children with autism have March birthdays?

One hundred people with autistic disorder (DSM-III-R) without a known cause who comprised a total population of children with autism were compared with "autistic-like" children, Asperger syndrome and age-matched comparison children from the general population and were examined with regard to month of birth. There was an excess of March birth in the group of children with autism. The possible reasons for this finding are discussed.