肝门入路治疗肝门部胆管狭窄的价值与评价

肝门部胆管狭窄通常分为恶性狭窄和良性狭窄。如何有效处理肝门部胆管狭窄一直是胆道外科中的重点与难点。由于其涉及胆管系统、肝动脉系统、门静脉系统以及肝脏实质等,因此,对手术路径的选择至关重要。基于围肝门技术的肝门入路术式,能更好的显露肝门区各管道的解剖,并行精准处理,从而有效提高肝门部胆管癌的手术根治率,降低胆管狭窄的手术难度及手术风险。     

胆汁外引流对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肺部炎症和水肿的疗效及机制研究

目的 探讨胆汁外引流对重症急性胰腺炎大鼠肺部炎症和水肿的疗效与机制。方法 24只雄性Sprague-Dawley（SD）大鼠随机分为4组（n=6）：假手术组（SS组）、重症急性胰腺炎组（SAP组）、SAP+胆汁外引流组（SAP+BTED组）、SAP+BTED+锌原卟啉组（SAP+BTED+ZnPP组）。ZnPP是血红蛋白氧合酶1（HO-1）的特异性阻断剂,抑制HO-1的表达。造模24 h后取肺组织和血液备用。采用Schmidt评分标准对肺组织进行病理评分。采用Western印迹法检测肺组织中HO-1蛋白质水平表达。采用荧光定量RT-PCR法检测肺组织中HO-1、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）和白细胞介素6（IL-6）mRNA 基因水平的表达。采用ELISA法检测肺组织中髓过氧化物酶（MPO）的含量。计算肺组织干湿比。结果 SAP+BTED组大鼠肺组织Schmidt评分显著低于SAP组大鼠（P<0.05）。BTED使肺组织中TNF-α和IL-6 mRNA 基因表达水平、MPO含量显著低于SAP组大鼠（P<0.05）。SAP+BTED组大鼠干湿比和HO-1表达水平显著高于SAP组大鼠（P<0.05）。当应用ZnPP时,BTED引起大鼠的这些效应则消失。结论 BTED通过HO-1通路减轻SAP大鼠肺部的炎症和水肿。     

邵铭教授运用茵陈玉露饮治疗肝病经验

茵陈玉露饮出自费伯雄的《医醇賸义》,由茵陈蒿、玉竹、石斛、天花粉、葛根、山栀子、萆薢等11味药物组成,诸药合用,共奏养阴清利,健脾和胃之效。文章通过临床典型病案,论述邵铭教授运用茵陈玉露饮治疗自身免疫性肝病的临床经验。文章所述自身免疫性肝炎、原发性胆汁性胆管炎,虽病症不同,但均有津亏夹湿之象,皆可用茵陈玉露饮加减取效,从而获得了异病同治的治疗效果,拓展了中医中药治疗自身免疫性肝疾病的思路和范围。     

经内镜放置自膨式不带膜金属支架治疗胆管中下段恶性狭窄的疗效观察

目的　观察经内镜放置不带膜自膨式金属支架治疗胆管中下段恶性狭窄的效果。方法　对我院收治的晚期恶性肿瘤伴阻塞性黄疸且无法切除的 16例患者采用内镜置入不带膜自膨式金属支架治疗的结果进行回顾性分析。结果　 15例 (94 % )成功置入不带膜自膨式金属支架 ,内引流通畅 ,置入不带膜自膨式金属支架后 7d及14d复查肝功能和B超 ,总胆红素、直接胆红素、转氨酶均较治疗前明显降低 (P<0 .0 1) ,胆总管直径明显变细 (P<0 .0 1)。其中 6例 3周内恢复正常。早期并发症 (置入不带膜金属支架后 7d内 ) :1例出现轻度急性胰腺炎 ,1例出现急性胆管炎 ,经抗感染及对症治疗后好转。平均存活时间为 186 .93d(5 4～ 4 2 6d) ,平均支架引流有效期为15 6d(5 1～ 4 2 6d) ,有 3例 (2 0 % )发生支架堵塞。结论　经内镜放置不带膜自膨式金属支架是治疗胆管中下段恶性狭窄的较理想方法。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗的疗效分析

目的回顾性分析无法手术的恶性梗阻性黄疸的经皮肝穿胆道引流治疗疗效和相关影响因素。方法无法手术切除恶性梗阻性黄疸住院病人233例。常规经皮肝穿刺胆道造影后,放置外引流管或内外引流管及金属内支架留置,用以解除胆管梗阻。临床观察治疗前后总胆红素、BUN等生化指标改变,并观察生存时间、引流有效时间。结果全部病人经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流手术成功。治疗后总胆红素明显下降,由3492±1556mmol/L降至1789±1412mmol/L(t=1790,P=0000)。术前合并感染62例,术后控制23例,术后新发胆道感染27例,胸部感染2例,术后存在感染68例。30d内死亡30例,死亡组与非死亡组比较,术前术后胆红素差异显著,年龄差异显著,并与蛋白相关,与术后ALT、Cr相关、与HBDH、BUN相关,术后51例出现再梗阻,7例引流管脱落。全组生存中位时间73个月,通畅中位时间140个月。结论经皮经肝穿刺胆汁引流,可有效缓解黄疸,改善由于梗阻性黄疸引起的各种症状。对于老年人或身体状况较差的病人应慎重,术后应及时控制感染,条件许可情况下,尽量放置支架。     

Management of biliary tract complications after orthotopic liver transplantation

INTRODUCTION: Despite improved survival, biliary complications remain a significant cause of morbidity following orthotopic liver transplantation. The aim of this study was to review the incidence, treatment and optimum management pathway of biliary complications at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patient data were collected prospectively onto a database at the Scottish Liver Transplant Unit with review of hospital records for validation. RESULTS: A total of 379 consecutive orthotopic liver transplants were performed in 333 adult patients between November 1992 and September 2001. Biliary complications occurred in 55 grafts (51 patients) (14.6%) and their incidence decreased with time. Biliary complications occurred in 29 (10.9%) of the 265 choledocho-choledochostomies compared with 14 (25%) of the 56 with T-tubes. Twenty-eight biliary leaks occurred, 22 of which were anastomotic. Seventeen anastomotic leaks were successfully treated non-operatively. Eight patients with biliary leaks subsequently developed an anastomotic stricture. Of the 30 anastomotic strictures, stent insertion was successful in resolving six of 14 (42%) early anastomotic strictures compared with one of 12 (8%) late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0479). Six (38%) of the 16 early anastomotic strictures required surgery for complete resolution, compared with 12 (86%) of the 14 late anastomotic strictures (p = 0.0106). CONCLUSION: The incidence of biliary complications has decreased with time. The abandonment of choledocho-choledochostomy over a T-tube has been justified. A combination of conservative, endoscopic, and radiological management has been effective in treating biliary leaks and early anastomotic stricture. However endoscopic or radiological stenting was ineffective in the management of late anastomotic strictures, which were best treated by surgical intervention.     

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration performed in a pediatric patient with isolated gastric fundal varices

Background

For giant gastric varices in association with portal hypertension, endoscopic treatment often is difficult. Although balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (B-RTO) has been performed successfully in adult cirrhotic patients, there has been no report in pediatric patients.

Methods

A 10-year-old girl with biliary atresia (BA) who had been free of jaundice after hepatic portoenterostomy was detected to have isolated gastric fundal varices by routine endoscopy. They gradually enlarged up to 4 cm in diameter, showing a tense appearance, so prophylactic treatment was conducted. Magnetic resonance angiography showed the blood flow of the varices mainly drained by a large gastrorenal shunt. A balloon catheter was introduced into the gastrorenal shunt via the femoral vein and was inflated to occlude the outflow of the varices. Five percent ethanolamine oleate was injected into the varices, and the outflow occlusion was kept for more than 30 minutes. Extensive thrombosis was achieved by an additional embolotherapy after 17 months. Throughout the course, the patient has been doing well without bleeding or worsening of the liver function tests.

Conclusions

B-RTO for isolated gastric fundal varices has been performed safely in a pediatric patient and seems effective in reducing the variceal size and tension.     

Sex difference in the biliary excretion of digoxin and its metabolites in aging Wistar rats

The biliary excretion of digoxin (Dg3) and its metabolites was studied in both young (3-month-old) and old (25- and 30-month-old) Wistar rats of both sexes. The 2 h biliary recovery (% of the dose) of intravenously injected [3H]Dg3 (0.01 mg/100 g) radioactivity was similar between young male and female rats, while the first 10 min excretion was significantly higher in females. In old (25-month-old) male rats, the 2 h biliary recovery of radioactivity was significantly lower than the corresponding young value. This was primarily due to the drastic decrease with age in excretion of bis-digitoxoside. On the other hand, in old female rats (25- and 30-month-old) the 2 h recovery value was not significantly different from the corresponding young (3-month-old) value. This was due to the much higher percentage (more than 80% of the total) of Dg3 in the female bile radioactivity which did not significantly decrease with age. The results suggest that the rate of stepwise cleavages of the sugar chain of Dg3 decreases with age more rapidly in male than in female rats as has been previously shown by the authors for digitoxin. Large sex differences observed in the age-dependent alteration in Dg3 metabolism and its biliary excretion raise a caution against a generalization of the data obtained from a single sex in this animal species with regard to the effect of aging.     

Outcomes of Irreversible Electroporation for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma: A Prospective Pilot Study

PurposeTo investigate the safety and efficacy of percutaneous or open irreversible electroporation (IRE) in a prospective cohort of patients with locally advanced, unresectable perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC).Materials and MethodsIn a multicenter Phase I/II study, patients with unresectable PHC due to extensive vascular involvement or N2 lymph node metastases or local recurrence after resection for PHC were included and treated by open or percutaneous IRE combined with palliative chemotherapy (current standard of care). The primary outcome was the number of major adverse events occurring within 90 d after IRE (grade ≥3), and the upper limit was predefined at 60%. Secondary outcomes included technical success rate, hospital stay, and overall survival (OS).ResultsTwelve patients (mean age, 63 y ± 12) were treated with IRE. The major adverse event rate was 50% (6 of 12 patients), and no 90-d mortality was observed. All procedures were technically successful, with no intraprocedural adverse events requiring additional interventions. The median OS from diagnosis was 21 mos (95% confidence interval, 15–27 mos), with a 1-y survival rate of 75% after IRE.ConclusionsPercutaneous IRE in selected patients with locally advanced PHC seems feasible, with a major adverse event rate of 50%, which was below the predefined upper safety limit in this prospective study. Future comparative research exploring the efficacy of IRE is warranted.