新型避光输液器的药物相容性及安全性评价

目的研究避光输液器在临床输注过程中与药物的相互作用以及安全性问题。方法通过对硝普钠、氟罗沙星以及盐酸阿扎司琼3种光敏性药物用避光输液器进行模拟临床输液试验,对流经输液器前后的药液的各项指标进行检测,并对增塑剂TOTM以及避光着色剂在输液过程中的迁移进行检测。结果药物溶液在光照条件下经过避光输液器前后各项指标并无明显变化。增塑剂TOTM与避光着色剂在输液过程中有微量溶出。结论避光输液器与试验药物相容性良好,输液管路中的TOTM与避光着色剂有微量溶出,应用一次性避光式输液器输注光敏感型药物安全可靠。     

以土家医三元论为指导的反选法在新药研究中的应用

根据土家医三元论中"药性、物质、功效"三元性提出的反选法,即是以常用的由功效到物质或由物质到功效的单向思维及研究方式为基础,利用传统药物多成分、多靶点优势,形成的由功效到功效或由物质到物质的双向/多向思维和研究方式。利用反选法以已知功效为起点,通过成分分析,发现另一种与已知功效相关联的新作用,从而发现传统药物新功效或更安全的用法;或者以已知物质成分为起点,通过成分分析,发现与已知功效相反的新成分,从而指导药物炮制或发现新药物资源与新药。反选法是一种简捷有效的研究方法,可以更好地利用传统药物多成分、多靶点优势,促进传统药物的合理使用及新药研发。     

Different forms of locomotion in the spinal lamprey

Forward locomotion has been extensively studied in different vertebrate animals, and the principal role of spinal mechanisms in the generation of this form of locomotion has been demonstrated. Vertebrate animals, however, are capable of other forms of locomotion, such as backward walking and swimming, sideward walking, and crawling. Do the spinal mechanisms play a principal role in the generation of these forms of locomotion? We addressed this question in lampreys, which are capable of five different forms of locomotion – fast forward swimming, slow forward swimming, backward swimming, forward crawling, and backward crawling. To induce locomotion in lampreys spinalised at the second gill level, we used either electrical stimulation of the spinal cord at different rostrocaudal levels, or tactile stimulation of specific cutaneous receptive fields from which a given form of locomotion could be evoked in intact lampreys. We found that any of the five forms of locomotion could be evoked in the spinal lamprey by electrical stimulation of the spinal cord, and some of them by tactile stimulation. These results suggest that spinal mechanisms in the lamprey, in the absence of phasic supraspinal commands, are capable of generating the basic pattern for all five forms of locomotion observed in intact lampreys. In spinal lampreys, the direction of swimming did not depend on the site of spinal cord stimulation, but on the stimulation strength. The direction of crawling strongly depended on the body configuration. The spinal structures presumably activated by spinal cord stimulation and causing different forms of locomotion are discussed.     

Attention modulates step initiation postural adjustments in Parkinson freezers

BackgroundIn view of freezing of gait's circumstances of occurrence in Parkinson's disease, attentional resources appear to be involved in step initiation failure. Anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) are essential because they allow unloading of the stepping leg and so create the conditions required for progression.Our main objective was to establish whether or not a change in attentional load during step initiation modulates APAs differently in patients with vs. without freezing of gait.MethodsThree groups of 15 subjects were recruited: elderly people and parkinsonian patients with or without freezing of gait. Attention was modulated before step execution by means of an auditory oddball discrimination task with event-related potential recording. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of inappropriate APAs following the attentional task, i.e. APAs not followed by a step after an intercurrent auditory stimulus.ResultsIn parkinsonian patients with freezing of gait, inappropriate APAs were recorded in 63% of the trials and were observed more frequently than in patients without freezing of gait (51%) and elderly controls (48%). Furthermore, inappropriate APAs in freezers were longer and more ample than in parkinsonian non-freezers and controls. Lastly, postural preparation was impaired in the parkinsonian patients.ConclusionOur results indicate that allocation of attentional resources during step preparation influences the release of APAs differently in freezers and non-freezers. Modulating attentional load is partly responsible for triggering an inappropriate motor program. This difficulty in focusing attention or resisting interference may contribute (at least in part) to the gait initiation failure observed in parkinsonian freezers.     

Identifying relevant areas of functioning in children and youth with Cerebral Palsy using the ICF-CY coding system: From whose perspective?

AimsA standardized methodology endorsed by the World Health Organization was used to select the most relevant International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health for children and youth (ICF-CY) categories to inform the development of the ICF Core Sets for CY with Cerebral Palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to appraise comparatively the results of the four studies included in the preparatory phase of the project exploring relevant areas of functioning in CY with CP.MethodsICF-CY categories identified in the preparatory studies – systematic review, global expert survey, qualitative study, and clinical study – were ranked. We compared the ranking percentile scores of the categories across studies.ResultsEach study emphasized different ICF-CY components and provided unique categories. Professionals from the health, education and social sectors described areas of functioning that were well distributed across the ICF-CY components (global expert survey), CY with CP and caregivers highlighted areas within the components activity and participation (a & p) and environmental factors (qualitative study), while the research community and clinical encounters mainly focused on body functions and a & p (systematic review and clinical study).InterpretationThis study highlights the need to consider all relevant perspectives when describing the functional profile of CY with CP.     

Adeno-associated virus-2 and its primary cellular receptor—Cryo-EM structure of a heparin complex

Adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (AAV-2) is a leading candidate vector for gene therapy. Cell entry starts with attachment to a primary receptor, Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan (HSPG) before binding to a co-receptor. Here, cryo-electron microscopy provides direct visualization of the virus-HSPG interactions. Single particle analysis was performed on AAV-2 complexed with a 17 kDa heparin fragment at 8.3 Å resolution. Heparin density covers the shoulder of spikes surrounding viral 3-fold symmetry axes. Previously implicated, positively charged residues R_448/585, R_451/588 and R_350/487 from another subunit cluster at the center of the heparin footprint. The footprint is much more extensive than apparent through mutagenesis, including R_347/484, K_395/532 and K_390/527 that are more conserved, but whose roles have been controversial. It also includes much of a region proposed as a co-receptor site, because prior studies had not revealed heparin interactions. Heparin density bridges over the viral 3-fold axes, indicating multi-valent attachment to symmetry-related binding sites.     

Interval based fuzzy systems for identification of important genes from microarray gene expression data: Application to carcinogenic development

In the present article, we develop two interval based fuzzy systems for identification of some possible genes mediating the carcinogenic development in various tissues. The methodology involves dimensionality reduction, classifying the genes through incorporation of the notion of linguistic fuzzy sets low, medium and high, and finally selection of some possible genes mediating a particular disease, obtained by a rule generation/grouping technique. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology, is demonstrated using five microarray gene expression datasets dealing with human lung, colon, sarcoma, breast cancer and leukemia. Moreover, the superior capability of the methodology in selecting important genes, over five other existing gene selection methods, viz., Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Neighborhood analysis (NA), Bayesian Regularization (BR) and Data-adaptive (DA) is demonstrated, in terms of the enrichment of each GO category of the important genes based on P-values. The results are appropriately validated by earlier investigations, gene expression profiles and t-test. The proposed methodology has been able to select genes that are more biologically significant in mediating the development of a disease than those obtained by the others.     

残甲的后徙再造

目的创建一种通过组织后徙易位再造伤指甲床的方法。方法将残存甲床组织后徙易位，再造甲结构19例22指。结果13例16指满意成活;4例4指甲畸形成活;1例1指疤痕愈合f1例1指因骨髓炎截指。结论后徙术能最大限度地维持创伤指长度．利于闭合创口，恢复甲外观和功能。     

茎突多层螺旋CT扫描技术探讨

目的:探讨茎突高分辨率CT扫描时改变螺距及准置器宽度对图像质量的影响。方法:将我院50例茎突高分辨率CT扫描患者按准置器宽度为0.75mm和1.5mm分为2组,分别改变螺距0.5~0.8mm后进行扫描。对全部横断扫描图像及VR三维重建后处理图像进行分析评价。结果:多层螺旋CT扫描图像质量优良,能较好地显示正常茎突的细微结构以及异常茎突(过长),准置器宽度为1.5mm时,用同一螺距扫描比准置器宽度为0.75mm时的曝光时间更短,X线剂量当量更低,而图像质量无明显下降。结论:通过调整CT扫描螺距及准置器宽度和采用三维(VR)技术能替代X线平片的检查方法,直观、诊断准确。改变准置器宽度同时改变螺距,能减少X线剂量当量,降低患者的辐射剂量,同时能提供较好质量图像。     

Temporal masking of auditory evoked brainstem responses in human newborns and adults

Temporal masking effects on brainstem evoked responses (BERs) were studied in normal human newborns and adults. Forward masking prolonged the latencies of the newborn BERs significantly longer than adult BERs. The effect of backward masking on BER latencies for both newborns and adults was small, suggesting that either backward masking effects for these stimuli are mediated by structures rostral to the brainstem or that backward masking does not affect the latency of the BER. Increasing the duration of the forward masker prolonged BER latencies more for newborns than adults. Increasing the intensity of the masker prolonged BER latencies for both newborns and adults, however, there were no significant age-intensity interactions.