Tentorial Meningiomas. Report on Twenty-Seven Cases

Summary ? Objective. Report our experience with 27 tentorial meningiomas (TM) surgically treated between 1985 and 1998.  Methods. The records of 27 patients with TMs were retrospectively reviewed for clinical presentation, neuroradiological evaluation, surgical treatment and long-term outcome. The extent of tumor resection was scored according to the Simpson's grading for tumor removal. Long-term results were evaluated according to the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS).  Results. The average age was 53 years. Female predominance was 74%. The most common complaints at presentation were headaches (51%), gait ataxia (33%), memory disturbances (30%) and hypo-acousia (30%). A classification of TMs into 5 subgroups according to tumor site is proposed on the basis of imaging studies. A cerebrospinal fluid shunt was established prior to direct approach in 7 patients and as the sole procedure in one inoperable patient. Twenty-seven direct approaches were undertaken in 26 patients, including 17 infratentorial and 10 supratentorial approaches. Total tumor removal was achieved in 20 patients (77%) and subtotal removal in 6 (23%). Fifteen patients (55%) experienced 22 postoperative complications. One patient died three months after a subtotal resection (mortality=3,7%). With a mean follow-up of 54 months, all 26 survivors are currently alive with 23 having resumed their normal activities and 3 needing assistance. Five of 6 patients with subtotal resection survived and were followed for a period ranging from 72 to 132 months: none showed residual tumor progression and no re-operation was considered. An additional patient experienced a ?true? recurrence 6 years after total removal, with no tumor progression 2 years after his recurrence was recognized.  Discussion. The best surgical approach to TMs is still a controversial matter. The advantages and drawbacks of conventional versus transbasal approaches are reviewed. Our experience suggests that subtotal removal can be associated with long recurrence-free intervals and preserved quality of life. TMs located at the tentorial edge carried a definitely worse prognosis than peripheral forms.     

枕下经颈-颈静脉突入路达颈静脉孔区的显微解剖研究

目的 研究一期切除颈静脉孔区复杂性肿瘤的微创手术人路。方法 选择经10％福尔马林固定成人头颈标本10具，显微镜下模拟枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路的手术操作，逐层显露颈静脉孔区，研究该区显微解剖特征及显露范围。结果 该人路直接沿乙状窦、颈内静脉的移行方向显露颈静脉孔区结构，其中后颅窝可经枕下显露，颞下窝藉寰椎与下颌升支间的自然间隙显露。通过切除颈静脉突和迷路下骨质分别自后、外、下和上方显露颈静脉孔。头侧直肌是界定颞下窝结构和枕下三角内结构的确切标志。后组颅神经，交感千和颈内动、静脉行于其前方，椎动脉寰椎上段及其周围的静脉丛行于其后方。结论 枕下经颈一颈静脉突人路可自多个方向充分显露颈静脉孔区结构，且可保护面神经、迷路、耳蜗和椎动脉等结构免受不必要的损伤。     

枕下远外侧入路解剖研究与临床应用

目的　探讨枕下远外侧入路的相关解剖研究和临床应用效果。方法　选用 2 0例成人头颅湿标本进行显微解剖测量。应用枕下远外侧入路切除枕大孔区和前外侧肿瘤 10例。结果　枕骨髁为术中重要的解剖标志 ,枕下三角为显露椎动脉的重要标志 ,枕下三角由三条肌肉形成 ,即头后大直肌、头上斜肌和头下斜肌。枕下三角内有椎动脉及肌支 ,椎静脉丛和颈 1神经。测量寰椎横突孔外缘至椎动脉入颅处距离 ,左侧 (16 .87± 2 .0 8)mm、右侧 (16 .79± 1.90 )mm。枕大孔区肿瘤 10例手术中 ,肿瘤全切 6例 ,次全切 3例 ,大部分切除 1例 ,无手术死亡。结论　枕下远外侧入路手术应了解枕大孔区的相关解剖参数和局部解剖结构 ,该入路优点能增加术野空间 ,最大程度上显露肿瘤组织 ,减少对脑干和重要血管神经牵拉。     

Cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis in freely-moving conscious rats: behavioral approach to a new model of visceral pain

PURPOSE: To develop a model of visceral pain in rats using a behavioral approach. Cyclophosphamide (CP), an antitumoral agent known to produce toxic effects on the bladder wall through its main toxic metabolite acrolein, was used to induce cystitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: CP was administered at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg./kg. i.p. to male rats, and their behavior observed and scored. The effects of morphine (0.5 to 4 mg./kg. i.v.) on CP-induced behavioral modifications were tested administered alone and after naloxone (1 mg./kg. s.c.). In addition, 90 minutes after CP injection, that is, at the time of administration of morphine, the bladder was removed in some rats for histological examination. Finally, to show that the bladder is essential for the CP-induced behavioral modifications, female rats also received CP at doses of 200 mg./kg. i.p. and of 20 mg. by the intravesical route, and acrolein at doses of 0.5 mg. by the intravesical route and of 5 mg./kg. i.v. RESULTS: CP dose-relatedly induced marked behavioral modifications in male rats: breathing rate decrease, closing of the eyes and occurrence of specific postures. Morphine dose-dependently reversed these behavioral disorders. A dose of 0.5 mg./kg. produced a reduction of almost 50% of the behavioral score induced by CP 200 mg./kg. This effect was completely prevented by pretreatment with naloxone. At the time of administration of morphine, histological modifications of the bladder wall, such as chorionic and muscle layer edema, were observed. In female rats, CP 200 mg./kg. i.p. produced the same marked behavioral modifications as those observed in male rats. Administered at the dose of 20 mg. intravesically, CP did not produce any behavioral effects, whereas acrolein at 0.5 mg. intravesically induced behavioral modifications identical to those under CP 200 mg./kg. i.p., with the same maximal levels. Conversely, acrolein 5 mg./kg. i.v. did not produce any behavioral effects at all. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these results indicate that this experimental model of CP-induced cystitis may be an interesting new behavioral model of inflammatory visceral pain, allowing a better understanding of these painful syndromes and thus a better therapeutic approach to them.     

Patient Capacity in Mental Health Care: Legal Overview

The discriminatory effects of categorizing psychiatric patients into competent and incompetent, have urged lawyers, philosophers and health care professionals to seek a functional approach to capacity assessment. Dutch and English law have produced some guidelines concerning this issue. So far, most legal systems under investigation have concentrated on alternatives for informed consent by the patient in case of mental incapacity, notably substitute decision-making, intervention of a judge and advance directives. It is hard to judge the way in which the law may further adapt to a more functional assessment of capacity, because the nature of law shows that legal reforms usually take place only when new methods have been accepted by the field. This is not yet the case today.     

整体教学法在大学英语阅读教学中的运用

大学阅读教学在英语习得中占举足轻重的地位,在大学英语阅读教学中引入整体性教学法可以有效地提高学生的阅读水平,本文从教师、学生和阅读技巧等方面阐述了整体性教学法在大学英语阅读教学中的作用,并提出一些具体方法。     

Human carcinogenic risk evaluation, Part V: The national toxicology program vision for assessing the human carcinogenic hazard of chemicals.

The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has over 25 years of experience in the design, performance, and interpretation of assays for identifying carcinogenic hazards to humans. Through the years we have examined alternative assays and adjunct assays to the standard rodent cancer bioassay including batteries of genetic toxicity tests and genetically modified mouse models. As our collective understanding of carcinogenesis advances, toxicologists and regulatory scientists will at some point begin to rely on mechanism-based biological observations rather than the two-year rodent bioassay to predict human cancer hazards. The goal of the NTP Vision for the 21st Century is to develop the science base that will advance the use of mechanism-based biological observations, eventually providing a replacement for disease-specific toxicology models in the protection of public health.     

Transnasal Endoscopic and Transoral Approaches in the Biopsies of Ventral Atlas and Axis Vertebrae: A Comprehensive Retrospective Study for Preprocedural Scheme,Biopsy Procedure,Core Technique Analysis,Diagnostic Yield and Clinical Outcome

ObjectiveThis study aims to describe and analyze the transoral and transnasal approaches for pathologies of the ventral atlas and axis vertebrae, which are considered technically challenging regions for diagnostic biopsy.MethodsA series of transnasal endoscopic approach (TNA) and transoral approach (TOA) biopsies for the pathologies of the first and second cervical vertebrae were conducted and retrospectively analyzed from July 2014 to May 2021. The depth of the biopsy trajectory was measured on computed tomography images for all nine patients (eight males and one female with an average age of 58.11 ± 11.60 years), as were the coronal, sagittal, and vertical biopsy safe ranges. The characteristics of each lesion, including radiographic features, blood supply, and destruction of anterior or posterior vertebral body edges, were evaluated to guide the biopsy. Four biopsy core techniques (BCTs), including “lesion perforating”, “aspiration”, “cutting‐and‐scraping” and “biopsy forceps utilization” were elaborated in this study. The biopsy procedures and periprocedural precautions were demonstrated. Patient demographics, clinical data, lesion characteristics, diagnostic yield, and complications were recorded for each case.ResultsEight TOA biopsies for the axis vertebral body and one TNA biopsy for the atlas anterior arch were successfully performed and yielded adequate pathologies. All biopsies were organized based on the preprocedural radiographic measurements, which showed that the average length of biopsy trajectory and coronal, sagittal, and vertical safe biopsy ranges were 85.00 ± 5.88, 20.63 ± 4.75, 16.25 ± 1.49, and 24.63 ± 2.26 mm, respectively, and these corresponding data were 95, 36, 9, and 26 mm in the TNA patient. Six osteolytic lesions (66.7%), one osteoblastic lesion (11.1%), and two mixed lesions (22.2%) were observed, among which seven lesions had a rich blood supply. Biopsy forceps and core needles were utilized to obtain samples in six and three patients, respectively. All the TNA and TOA biopsies were performed with cooperative application of multiple BCTs under compound anatomic and stereotactic navigations. Intraprocedural or postprocedural complications occurred in no patients who underwent the biopsy in the follow‐up period (1–39 months). No significant differences were found between the preprocedural and postprocedural blood indexes and visual analogue scale scores.ConclusionWith a sophisticated preprocedural arrangement, cooperative application of BCTs, and careful periprocedural precautions, transnasal endoscopic and transoral biopsies are two feasible, efficient, and well‐tolerated procedures that achieve satisfactory diagnostic yield, complication rate, and clinical outcome.     

前交叉韧带重建术后短期内移植体黏性变化

目的 研究前交叉韧带重建(anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, ACLR)术后短时间内移植体黏性的变化规律。方法 选择6只雄性新西兰兔,以跟腱为移植体制作单侧膝关节ACLR动物模型。ACLR术后15 d将实验兔安乐死,取出移植体、健康的前交叉韧带(anterior cruciate ligament, ACL)和跟腱。测量移植体的截面积,分别进行0.1、1 MPa平衡条件的蠕变实验,并计算黏性系数,总结移植体的黏性变化规律,与健康ACL进行对比。结果 移植体的截面积在手术后15 d内缓慢上升。ACL与移植体的黏性呈非线性变化。在不同应力下,黏性系数有较大差异。移植体黏性系数随ACLR术后时间呈下降趋势,但在低应力下更明显。结论 本文建议,ACLR术后早期康复过程中,应使用助行器,降低步频,并避免踢、踹等对关节冲击的运动。     

距腓前韧带影响踝关节不稳的生物力学研究

目的 探究踝关节不稳中距腓前韧带(anterior talofibular ligament, ATFL)的厚度与弹性模量对踝关节稳定性的影响,为踝关节不稳患者的诊断提供参考依据。 方法 建立踝关节三维有限元模型,改变 ATFL 的厚度与弹性模量,计算踝关节前后向刚度(ankle anteroposterior stiffness, AAS),并作为量化指标评估踝关节稳定性。 结果 ATFL厚度在 0. 78~ 2. 31 mm 范围内引起 AAS 的大幅度变化,且两者关系呈 S 形曲线;ATFL 弹性模量在 60 ~ 400 MPa 变化范围,AAS 随韧带弹性模量增加快速上升。 结论 ATFL 厚度与弹性模量均会影响踝关节的稳定性。