Effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage and rotator cuff tendon healing: An in vivo rabbit study

Highly purified capsaicin has emerged as a promising injectable compound capable of providing sustained pain relief following a single localized treatment during orthopedic surgical procedures. To further assess its reliability for clinical use, the potential effect of highly purified capsaicin on articular cartilage metabolism as well as tendon structure and function warrants clarification. In the current study, rabbits received unilateral supraspinatus transection and repair with a single 1 ml injection of capsaicin (R + C), PEG‐only placebo (R + P), or saline (R + S) into the glenohumeral joint (GHJ). An additional group received 1 ml capsaicin onto an intact rotator cuff (I + C). At 18 weeks post‐op, cartilage proteoglycan (PG) synthesis and content as well as cell viability were similar (p > 0.05) across treatment groups. Biomechanical testing revealed no differences (p > 0.05) among tendon repair treatment groups. Similarly, histologic features of both cartilage and repaired tendons showed minimal differences across groups. Hence, in this rabbit model, a single injection of highly purified capsaicin into the GHJ does not induce a deleterious response with regard to cartilage matrix metabolism and cell viability, or rotator cuff healing. These data provide further evidence supporting the use of injectable, highly purified capsaicin as a safe alternative for management of postoperative pain following GHJ surgery. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1854–1860, 2015.     

Guidelines for sedation in gastroenterological endoscopy

Recently, the need for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy has been increasing. However, the National Health Insurance Drug Price list in Japan does not include any drug specifically used for the sedation. Although benzodiazepines are the main medication, their use in cases of gastrointestinal endoscopy has not been approved. This has led the Japan Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Society to develop the first set of guidelines for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy on the basis of evidence‐based medicine in collaboration with the Japanese Society for Anesthesiologists. The present guidelines comprise 14 statements, five of which were judged to be valid on the highest evidence level and three on the second highest level. The guidelines are not intended to strongly recommend the use of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy, but rather to indicate the policy as to the choice of appropriate procedures when such sedation is deemed necessary. In clinical practice, the final decision as to the use of sedation should be made by physicians considering patient willingness and physical condition.     

Anesthesia and the developing brain: a way forward for clinical research

It is now well established that many general anesthetics have a variety of effects on the developing brain in animal models. In contrast, human cohort studies show mixed evidence for any association between neurobehavioural outcome and anesthesia exposure in early childhood. In spite of large volumes of research, it remains very unclear if the animal studies have any clinical relevance; or indeed how, or if, clinical practice needs to be altered. Answering these questions is of great importance given the huge numbers of young children exposed to general anesthetics. A recent meeting in Genoa brought together researchers and clinicians to map a path forward for future clinical studies. This paper describes these discussions and conclusions. It was agreed that there is a need for large, detailed, prospective, observational studies, and for carefully designed trials. It may be impossible to design or conduct a single study to completely exclude the possibility that anesthetics can, under certain circumstances, produce long‐term neurobehavioural changes in humans; however , observational studies will improve our understanding of which children are at greatest risk, and may also suggest potential underlying etiologies, and clinical trials will provide the strongest evidence to test the effectiveness of different strategies or anesthetic regimens with respect to better neurobehavioral outcome.     

加速康复外科理念在人工全膝关节置换术麻醉管理中的应用进展

在人工全膝关节置换术中推广应用加速康复外科理念是近年探讨的热点,最终目的是改善患者预后并降低医疗成本。本文从围术期麻醉管理的角度重点综述国内外目前加速康复外科理念在人工全膝关节置换术管理中的临床应用进展,通过总结与麻醉相关的最佳循证医学证据,以期帮助改善现有临床认知、实践和决策。     

Extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus attenuate bupivacaine-induced spinal neurotoxicity in pregnant rats

Extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus can relieve pain and promote repair of nerve injury. The present study intraperitoneally injected extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus for 3 and 4 days prior to and following intrathecal injection of bupivacaine into pregnant rats. The pain threshold test after bupivacaine injection showed that the maximum possible effect of tail-flick latency peaked 1 day after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine in the extract-pretreatment group, and gradually decreased, while the maximum possible effect in the bupivacaine group continued to increase after intrathecal injection of bupivacaine. Histological observation showed that after 4 days of intrathecal injection of bupivacaine, the number of shrunken, vacuolated, apoptotic and caspase-9-positive cells in the dorsal root ganglion in the extract-pretreatment group was significantly reduced compared with the bupivacaine group. These findings indicate that extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by the vaccinia virus can attenuate neurotoxicity induced by intrathecal injection of bupivacaine in pregnant rats, possibly by inhibiting caspase-9 protein expression and suppressing nerve cell apoptosis.     

右美托咪啶在老年直肠癌患者根治术全麻诱导前的应用研究

为探讨老年直肠癌患者根治术全麻诱导前应用右美托咪啶（DEX）的效果,将2011年7～9月于全麻下行直肠癌根治术的60例老年患者随机分为观察组和对照组,每组30例。观察组于麻醉诱导前静脉泵注DEX0．4μg／kg,对照组静脉泵注等量生理盐水,对比两组患者静脉泵注DEX或生理盐水前（T0）、全麻诱导前（T1）、气管插管后1min（T2）及手术结束时（T3）的平均动脉压（MAP）和心率（HR）,以及术中丙泊酚、苯磺顺阿曲库铵用量及七氟烷浓度。结果显示,L、L时两组MAP和HR比较差异均无统计学意义,P〉0．05;T1、T2时观察组MAP和HR均比对照组低,P〈0．05。观察组术中丙泊酚用量、七氟烷浓度明显小于对照组,P〈0．05。结果表明,老年患者行直肠癌根治术全麻诱导前静脉泵注DEX可减少麻醉药用量,降低麻醉药使用浓度,提高患者麻醉的安全性。     

全身麻醉药物选择与老年手术患者预后:吸入麻醉还是静脉麻醉

背景 随着社会人口的老龄化,需要接受手术治疗的老年患者越来越多,麻醉管理对老年患者预后的影响值得关注. 目的 回顾吸入麻醉与静脉麻醉对老年手术患者预后的影响. 内容 对于心脏手术患者,吸入麻醉可能较丙泊酚静脉麻醉更有优势,但需进一步多中心、大规模临床研究证实.在对术后近期脑功能的影响方面,不同研究的结果差异较大,还无法得出明确结论;在对术后远期脑功能的影响方面,全身麻醉可能伴随术后痴呆风险增加,但还有待前瞻性研究证实.在对恶性肿瘤患者术后机体免疫功能的影响方面,丙泊酚静脉麻醉可能优于吸入麻醉,但其临床意义有待阐明;麻醉药物对恶性肿瘤患者肿瘤侵袭性及远期预后的影响值得进一步研究. 趋向 吸入麻醉与静脉麻醉对老年手术患者预后的影响,需要进一步的研究证实.     

Dibucaine in Ionic-Gradient Liposomes: Biophysical,Toxicological, and Activity Characterization

Administration of local anesthetics is one of the most effective pain control techniques for postoperative analgesia. However, anesthetic agents easily diffuse into the injection site, limiting the time of anesthesia. One approach to prolong analgesia is to entrap local anesthetic agents in nanostructured carriers (e.g., liposomes). Here, we report that using an ammonium sulphate gradient was the best strategy to improve the encapsulation (62.6%) of dibucaine (DBC) into liposomes. Light scattering and nanotracking analyses were used to characterize vesicle properties, such as, size, polydispersity, zeta potentials, and number. In vitro kinetic experiments revealed the sustained release of DBC (50% in 7 h) from the liposomes. In addition, in vitro (3T3 cells in culture) and in vivo (zebrafish) toxicity assays revealed that ionic-gradient liposomes were able to reduce DBC cyto/cardiotoxicity and morphological changes in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, the anesthesia time attained after infiltrative administration in mice was longer with encapsulated DBC (27 h) than that with free DBC (11 h), at 320 μM (0.012%), confirming it as a promising long-acting liposome formulation for parenteral drug administration of DBC.     

肺移植研究现状及移植期的规范化管理

肺移植是终末期肺疾病患者唯一的治疗手段,该领域也是目前国际范围内的研究热点。相关研究既促进了肺移植的进步与发展,也改善了移植后患者的生活质量。随着肺移植技术的发展,适应人群相关指南不断修订,供体肺来源也一直是所有移植中心亟待解决的问题。移植期的规范化管理涉及麻醉诱导、术中液体管理、气道管理、重要步骤的处理及术后疼痛管理等方面。体外生命支持(ECLS)包括体外循环(CPB)及体外膜肺氧合(ECMO)。随着ECLS技术的发展,ECMO作为肺移植桥梁在术中及术后循环支持中的优更加突出,帮助受体患者顺利度过肺移植窗口期。虽然肺移植在基础科学和临床研究方面都有许多进展,但要提高移植后的生存率,还须克服包括如何成功完成肺移植、扩大肺供体库、诱导耐受、预防移植后并发症、原发性移植物功能障碍(PGD)、细胞和抗体介导的排斥反应以及感染等在内的诸多问题。     

Comparing the Effects of Single Shot Sciatic Nerve Block Versus Posterior Capsule Local Anesthetic Infiltration on Analgesia and Functional Outcome After Total Knee Arthroplasty : A Prospective,Randomized, Double-Blinded,Controlled Trial

Peripheral nerve blocks appear to provide effective analgesia for patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. Although the literature supports the use of femoral nerve block, addition of sciatic nerve block is controversial. In this study we investigated the value of sciatic nerve block and an alternative technique of posterior capsule local anesthetic infiltration analgesia. 100 patients were prospectively randomized into three groups. Group 1: sciatic nerve block; Group 2: posterior local anesthetic infiltration; Group 3: control. All patients received a femoral nerve block and spinal anesthesia. There were no differences in pain scores between groups. Sciatic nerve block provided a brief clinically insignificant opioid sparing effect. We conclude that sciatic nerve block and posterior local anesthetic infiltration do not provide significant analgesic benefits.