丁卡因凝胶剂的研制与药效测定

 目的：研究各种透皮促进剂对丁卡因经皮渗透的影响，找出一种起效时间较短的丁卡因凝胶剂。方法：配制不同处方的丁卡因凝胶剂，采用Franz扩散小池，HPLC检测药物浓度进行离体皮肤渗透实验，然后采用针刺法进行在体药效测定。结果：月桂氮酮使丁卡因透皮速率提高，但滞后时间延长，在体麻醉效果不佳；单用乙醇不延长滞后时间，在体麻醉起效时间缩短。结论：含乙醇的丁卡因凝胶剂局麻效果最好，可以开发利用。     

Is local anaesthesia actually beneficial in flexible fibreoptic nasendoscopy?

Although the application of a topical local anaesthetic before fibreoptic nasendoscopy is routine practice in many otolaryngological outpatients, the actual benefit to the patient of this procedure remains in doubt. Eighty-two patients were recruited in this double-blind randomized control trial which compared the patients’ experiences of fibreoptic nasendoscopy with nasal preparations of Xylocaine^® (lidocaine), normal saline, and no spray to the nose and throat. A visual analogue scoring system was used to determine scores for the overall unpleasantness of procedure, receiving a spray, and taste of the spray, and pain. This study has shown significantly worse overall experience (P = 0.001) and pain (P = 0.048) scores for Xylocaine^® spray versus no spray. It is concluded that the routine use of topical local anaesthetics within the nose before routine fibreoptic nasendoscopy is not only of no value, but actually makes the experience worse for the patient.     

异丙酚和氯胺酮麻醉在头面部肿瘤手术中的比较

目的研究异丙酚和氯胺酮麻醉在头面部手术中对血流动力学的影响和术后清醒度的比较。方法５０例病人，ＡＳＡ分级为Ⅰ－Ⅱ，随机分为两组，异丙酚麻醉组（Ｄ），氯胺酮麻醉组（Ｋ）。Ｄ组用异丙酚２．５ｍｇ．ｋｇ－１诱导，用Ｇｒａｅｓｂｙ－３４０泵注异丙酚４．５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１维持麻醉；ｋ组用氯胺酮２．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ－１诱导，静脉点滴氯胺酮３ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｈ－１维持麻醉。观察麻醉前（Ｔ０）、注药后（Ｔ１）、插管后（Ｔ２）、手术时（Ｔ３）、拔管前（Ｔ４）５个时点的ＨＲ、ＢＰ的变化，同时观察术后病人清醒的情况，并比较组内的变化和组间的变化。结果两组均对血流动力学有影响，Ｋ组在注药后、插管后、拔管前血压明显升高、心率加快；而Ｄ组在相对时点的ＨＲ、ＢＰ变化比Ｋ组较轻。同时，Ｄ组术后比Ｋ组清醒明显快。结论异丙酚静脉麻醉在头面部肿瘤手术中比氯安酮麻醉更为安全。     

Effects of peribulbar bupivacaine as an adjunct to general anaesthesia on peri-operative outcome following retinal detachment surgery

Sixty premedicated, ASA physical status I or II patients weighing > 25 kg scheduled for elective retinal detachment repair were randomly assigned to receive either peribulbar block with 10 ml of 0.25% bupivacaine (block group) or intravenous morphine 150 microg.kg-1 (morphine group), prior to the induction of general anaesthesia (n = 30 in each group). Patients were evaluated for intra-operative oculocardiac reflex, peri-operative pain relief, recovery from anaesthesia and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Apart from significantly reducing the incidence of oculocardiac reflex (30% vs. 70%, p = 0.0019), peribulbar bupivacaine also attenuated the severity of the reflex. Postoperative pain relief was superior in the block group. More block group patients had the maximum recovery score in the immediate postoperative period (80% vs. 27%, p < 0. 0001) and they achieved complete recovery significantly faster than the morphine group (17.3 (14.7) min vs. 66.7 (29.7) min, p < 0.0001). The incidence (40% vs. 77%, p = 0.004) and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting were significantly less in the block group. In summary, peribulbar bupivacaine, when administered together with general anaesthesia, attenuated oculocardiac reflex, provided comparable intra-operative and superior postoperative analgesia, resulted in significantly earlier and better recovery from anaesthesia, and significantly reduced the incidence and severity of postoperative nausea and vomiting.     

表面麻醉下小梁切除术的临床观察

目的:探讨表面麻醉下小梁切除术的麻醉效果。方法:消毒前用表面麻醉药4g/L盐酸丁氧普鲁卡因点结膜囊内,2～3滴/次,放置开睑器前再点2次。用白内障超声乳化隧道刀、穿刺刀、侧切刀做常规小梁切除术。结果:术中无疼痛者29例(34眼);术中虹膜根切时轻度疼痛伴眼胀者5例(6眼);2例(2眼)缝合球结膜时痛疼明显但能耐受未予以追加麻醉。术后30min轻度眼胀眼痛不适者8眼,均未处理,1～2h后缓解。术后视力提高2行以上者34眼,8眼视力无变化。自动电脑视野计检查视野较术前扩大12眼,余30眼无明显视野继续损害。39眼眼压控制在1.20～2.40kPa,3眼眼压控制在2.67～3.33kPa。     

自体血液回输在腹腔镜下宫外孕失血性休克治疗中的应用研究

目的 研究自体血液回输在腹腔镜下宫外孕失血性休克治疗中的安全性和效果。方法 选择42例宫外孕或黄体破裂，失血性休克患者行腹腔镜探查，血肿清除并止血术，随机分成两组：一组腹腔镜下直接清除血肿（A组）；另外一组在腹腔镜下清除血肿时，应用Autolog^TM Autotransfusion System（USA—made）（AA组），收集手术野和体腔内的出血、积血，处理后回输给患者。结果 AA组和A组比较，患者术中生命体征没有明显差异（P〉0．05）；但AA组较A组输血液成分、胶体，明显减少（P〈0．01）。结论 研究可以认为：自体血液回输在腹腔镜下宫外孕失血性休克治疗中的应用可节约血源且安全有效，临床上值得推广应用：     

等比重罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉782例临床分析

目的总结等比重0·5%罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉的临床应用,探讨其用于下腹以下手术的可行性。方法782例下腹以下手术的患者,麻醉前大量扩容,采用腰-硬联合麻醉技术,等比重0·5%罗哌卡因腰麻后硬膜外置管,必要时硬膜外推注2%利多卡因以补充麻醉不足。观察麻醉效果及不良反应。结果腰麻起效快,麻醉效果好,大部分不需追加2%利多卡因。腰麻后血压、心率下降,以及腰穿产生放射性异感,产科多于其他科。结论等比重0·5%罗哌卡因腰-硬联合麻醉可用于下腹以下手术麻醉。     

依托咪酯、芬太尼静脉复合麻醉在消化内镜诊疗中的应用

目的研究依托咪酯、芬太尼静脉复合麻醉用于电子肠镜检查的可行性。方法选择无电子肠镜检查禁忌症的需接受肠镜检查的患者116例,其中自愿接受麻醉的58例为组,静脉推注芬太尼,用量2ug/kg,依托咪酯用量0.15mg～0.3mg/kg/次;另58例为组,接受常规肠镜检查。两组病人术中常规监测血氧饱和度、血压及心电图,并记录患者入室至检查结束不同时点的SpO2及HR值,观察苏醒时间和不良反应并进行比较。结果组58例患者顺利完成肠镜检查,患者术中几无不适感,不良反应的发生率较对照组明显降低(P<0.01),组患者反应明显,有两例未完成手术。结论依托咪酯、苏太尼静脉复合麻醉用于电子肠镜检查是一种安全有效方法。     

情志干预对甲状腺手术患者康复的影响

目的:探讨情志干预护理对甲状腺手术患者术后康复的影响。方法:将62例患者随机分为观察组、对照组各31例。2组均行常规护理干预,观察组同时给予情志干预,比较2组的康复效果。结果:血压、心率及Zung焦虑自评量表(SAS)和抑郁自评量表(SDS)评分进入手术室30分钟后测定值2组比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。视觉疼痛量表(VAS)评分2组术后8、24小时比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。术后并发症发生率观察组为3.23%,对照组为16.13%,2组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:情志干预护理有利于改善甲状腺手术患者的身心健康状态,促进术后康复。     

仅用阿替卡因颊侧浸润麻醉拔除上颌第三磨牙的临床对照研究

目的：评价上颌第三磨牙拔除术中阿替卡因颊侧浸润注射对腭侧软组织的麻醉作用,讨论常规腭侧浸润麻醉注射是否必须。方法：28例拔除双侧上颌第三磨牙患者,每位患者作为其自身对照。对照侧利用盐酸阿替卡因行颊侧浸润麻醉及腭侧浸润麻醉,实验侧仅行颊侧浸润麻醉。注射3min后常规方法拔除患牙。利用100mm直观模拟标度尺（VAS）及问卷调查获得患者拔牙时的痛觉数据。结果：实验侧和对照侧的疼痛感觉（VAS值）没有显著性差异（P〉0．05）,拔牙过程中的疼痛均可接受。结论：仅用阿替卡因颊侧浸润麻醉可顺利拔除上颌第三磨牙,无需常规腭侧浸润麻醉,从而避免腭侧注射的疼痛不适。