声反射技术在测量正常人咽腔中的应用

目的 探讨正常人咽腔大小与阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停病人发病机理的相互关系。方法 用声反射测量技术对24名健康志愿者的咽腔进行测量,咽腔面积测量是测量持续的缓慢呼气终末的肺总容量(Total Lung Capacity,TLC)和残余量(Residual Volume,RV),比较咽腔横断面积在男女成人肺容量的三个方面的表现:TLC,50％VC(50％ of vital Capacity)和RV。结果 男性咽腔面积在TLC6.4±1.3cm2,在50％VC5.4±0.9cm2和RV4.1±0.8cm2。女性咽腔面积在TLC4.8±0.6cm2,50％VC4.2±0.5cm2和RV3.7±0.6cm2。男女间不同的咽腔面积在TLC和50％VC中有显著的统计学意义,而在RV中无统计学意义。结论 (1)不同性别的咽腔面积与身体的尺寸大小有关。(2)在男女成人中显示咽腔面积随着肺容量的变化有相似的变化。(3)男性成人的咽腔面积随着年龄的增长而减小。     

Kinetic versus thermodynamic factors in calcium renal lithiasis

Calcium renal lithiasis formation depends on the balance between thermodynamic (supersaturation) and kinetic (inhibitors, nucleants)factors. In this paper, the importance of both groups was evaluated using(a) the complete urine analysis data obtained from 32 healthy volunteers and 141 active stone-formers, and (b) a comprehensive computer model to calculate the supersaturation values of calcium oxalate monohydrate,hydroxyapatite and brushite in each urine sample. The results of this evaluation were used to assess the possible effectiveness of a given pharmacological treatment. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

经皮肾微创穿刺造瘘治疗输尿管上段结石

目的　探讨经皮肾微创穿刺取石术治疗输尿管上段结石的方法和疗效。方法　回顾性分析 12 6例采用经皮肾微创穿刺治疗输尿管上段结石的临床资料。采用B超引导经皮肾穿刺建立 16～ 18F大小皮肾通道 ,使用 8 9.8F输尿管肾镜 ,结合电子弹道碎石、MCC电脑灌注泵进行手术。结果　 12 6例均Ⅰ期取石术 ,结石取净率 10 0 % ,手术时间 2 5～ 75min ,平均 5 0min ,手术后住院时间平均 5 .5d。并发输尿管梗阻 3例。结论　经皮肾微创穿刺取石术治疗输尿管上段结石疗效确切 ,具有创伤小、康复快的优点 ,单用B超引导建立皮肾通道即可 ,值得推广应用     

Nephrolithiasis associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease: contemporary urological management

PURPOSE: We evaluate the role of contemporary urological intervention in patients with nephrolithiasis associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Intervention for upper tract stones associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease was performed in 5 women and 2 men 29 to 65 years old (mean age 47). Indications for intervention consisted of flank pain in 6 patients and/or hematuria in 2. A total of 12 procedures (mean 1.7 per patient) were performed, including shock wave lithotripsy in 6 patients, percutaneous nephrolithotomy in 2, retrograde endoscopy or manipulation in 3 and extended pyelonephrolithotomy in 1. RESULTS: All patients were rendered stone-free or had only residual "dust." Hospital stay for 5 patients was 1 night or less and there were no complications. Renal function for each patient was stable or improved as measured by serum creatinine. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who require intervention for nephrolithiasis can be safely and effectively treated with essentially any or all contemporary, minimally invasive techniques. The choice of intervention can be based primarily on size and location of the upper tract stones rather than the associated presence of polycystic kidneys.     

Variation in clinical outcome following shock wave lithotripsy

PURPOSE: We measure and compare operator specific success rates of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) performed by 12 urologists in 1 unit to determine interoperator variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From January 1, 1994 to September 1, 1997 a total of 5,769 renal and ureteral stones received 9,607 ESWL treatments by 15 urologists with a Dornier MFL 5000 lithotriptor. The 3-month followup data are available for 4,409 stones. Outcome measures consisted of patient demographics, stone characteristics, technical details of lithotripsy, and stone-free and success rates by treating urologists. RESULTS: Treatment results were analyzed for 12 urologists (surgeons A to L) who treated more than 100 stones each, totaling 4,244 with followup information available. Mean stone-free and success rates were 50.6% and 72.3%, respectively. Surgeon A had significantly higher stone-free and success rates of 56.2% and 76.7%, respectively (p<0.05), with treatment results from 877 stones, which was a significantly higher number than others (p<0.05). Significant differences existed in mean number of shocks delivered among urologists (p = 0.0001), with surgeons A and J delivering the highest mean numbers (2,317 and 2,801, respectively). There was no difference in treatment duration (p = 0.75) but variation existed among urologists in terms of mean maximum treatment voltage (p = 0.0001). Mean fluoroscopy time at 4.1 minutes was higher for surgeon A than others (p<0.05). Mean complication rate following ESWL was 4.9% with no difference among urologists (p = 0.175). Re-treatment was required in 21.7% of cases and surgeon A had the lowest rate (15.9%, p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated clinically and statistically significant intra-institutional differences in success rates following ESWL. The best results were obtained by the urologist who treated the greatest number of patients, used a high number of shocks and had the longest fluoroscopy time. Accurate targeting is crucial when using a lithotriptor, such as the Dornier MFL 5000, with a narrow focal zone of 6.5 mm. in diameter. Other centers should be encouraged to develop similar programs of outcome analysis in an attempt to improve performance.     

Metabolic risk factors in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and renal calculi

PURPOSE: We performed a prospective study to determine the incidence and spectrum of metabolic abnormalities predisposing to stone formation in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction and renal calculi. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 47 consecutive patients with congenital ureteropelvic junction obstruction underwent metabolic evaluation of stone risk factors. Of these patients 21 had associated stones (study group), while 26 did not (control group). Logistical regression, Wilcoxon rank sum and Fisher's exact tests were performed to determine whether there was a significant difference between these groups in regard to the presence of metabolic risk factors. RESULTS: Demographically and symptomatically the 2 groups were equivalent except that the study patients were older. The 24-hour urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in study than in the control patients (p = 0.007). While the incidence of hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria was also higher in the study population, these differences were not significant (p = 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic abnormalities predisposing to stone formation are present more frequently in patients with ureteropelvic junction obstruction who have associated stones compared to those who do not. As such, urinary stasis alone does not explain stone formation in these cases. Rather, the local physiological environment of urine likely has a predisposing role. In addition to restoring unobstructed urinary flow, consideration should be given to metabolic evaluation and prophylactic treatment for affected patients.     

输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石156例

目的:探讨钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石的有效性和安全性.方法:应用硬性输尿管镜和钬激光对156例输尿管结石患者碎石治疗.其中输尿管上段结石36例,中、下段120例.结石大小(3～15)×(5～35)mm.结果:一次操作成功142例(91%),其中127例(81.4%)2～6周内结石全部排净.发生并发症7例,结石移位8例.结论:输尿管镜下钬激光碎石术治疗输尿管结石安全、疗效好、创伤轻微.     

下腔静脉后输尿管合并上尿路结石的诊治体会

目的:探讨下腔静脉后输尿管合并上尿路结石的诊断与治疗。方法:回顾性分析下腔静脉后输尿管合并上尿路结石病例9例的临床诊治经过,总结了诊断和治疗方法。结果:9例经静脉尿路造影、逆行尿路造影及CT确诊,7例行输尿管切断再吻合手术治愈。2例接受右肾切除手术。结论:静脉尿路造影、逆行尿路造影及CT扫描是主要诊断方法,取净上尿路结石后行输尿管切断再吻合手术是主要治疗手段。     

经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石治疗输尿管结石160例分析

目的探讨经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石的临床疗效。方法经尿道在输尿管镜窥视下采用气压弹道碎石机对160例输尿管结石患者进行碎石治疗。结果152例原位碎石成功,成功率为95.0%,术后1￣3个月结石排净率100%。术中主要并发症输尿管穿孔3例,黏膜下损伤4例。结论经尿道输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗输尿管结石有效、安全、微创。     

双J管在上尿路疾病中的应用

目的探讨双J管在上尿路疾病中的临床应用效果。方法治疗81例不同原因的上尿路疾病患者,采用双J管内引流及支架。结果除1例双J管未插入膀胱外,80例均获得了内引流及支架的满意效果。结论上尿路疾病的各种开放性手术,最好选双J管内引流及支架,肾盂内较大结石行ESWL前经尿道膀胱镜置入双J管。