2010—2012年中山市孕产妇艾滋病哨点监测情况分析

目的了解中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染情况及艾滋病防治相关知识水平,为预防控制工作提供依据。方法按照《全国艾滋病哨点监测实施方案》要求,2010—2012年对1198名孕产妇进行问卷调查和血清学检测。结果监测的1198名孕产妇中,仍存在孕产妇受教育程度低、有多性伴以及其配偶有吸毒、多性伴等高危行为。艾滋病知识知晓率可能与调查对象的文化程度、怀孕次数、生育次数有关（P〈0．001）,即文化程度越高、初次怀孕及尚未生育,艾滋病知识知晓率越高;2010、2011、2012年监测对象的艾滋病防治知识知晓率分别为45．48％（181／398）、82．25％（329／400）、78．25％（313／400）,3年知晓率比较差异有统计学意义（X2=150．93,P〈0．001）。艾滋病防治总知晓率为68．70％,孕产妇艾滋病HIV阳性率为0。结论中山市孕产妇艾滋病感染率还处在较低水平,但艾滋病防治相关知识仍存在误区,应加强健康教育和行为干预、艾滋病HIV筛查工作,预防艾滋病母婴传播。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Staphylococcus aureus in Poland obtained by the National Quality Assurance Programme

As part of the Polish external quality assurance scheme, clinical laboratories were asked to send five consecutive isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and the corresponding susceptibility results to the national Centre of Quality Control in Microbiology. Of 1376 isolates submitted as S. aureus from 276 medical centres, 13 (< 1%) had been misidentified by local laboratories. Of 181 (13.5%) methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates, most were identified correctly (c. 98% of laboratories). Although all MRSA isolates were fully susceptible to vancomycin, teicoplanin and linezolid, they were usually multiresistant; almost 23% were resistant to seven antimicrobial agents. Most (> 90%) MSSA isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, except penicillin (21% susceptible) and tetracycline (62.4% susceptible). In addition to evaluating the proficiency of testing by local laboratories, the study yielded valuable information regarding the susceptibility patterns of S. aureus isolates in Poland.     

2005年中国高危人群艾滋病哨点监测报告

目的监测中国艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染流行趋势，为制定艾滋病防治规划和进行干预活动提供准确的信息。方法以重复横断面调查的方法对性病门诊就诊者、暗娼、吸毒者和男性同性恋等高危人群进行监测。结果（1）24．2％（29／120）的性病门诊就诊者哨点检出HIV抗体阳性者，阳性率均低于5％。（2）27．3％（18／66）的暗娼哨点检出阳性者，多数处于较低水平（〈5．0％），个别的暗娼哨点HIV抗体阳性率较高，如四川达州市大竹县和湖南省衡阳市分别为10．5％和5．2％。HIV阳性者中45．3％有注射毒品史，部分地区暗娼有注射吸毒史的比例高达50％；暗娼人群中报告每次性行为使用安全套比例的中位数为38．7％。（3）72．7％（56／77）的吸毒者哨点检出HIV抗体阳性者，各哨点阳性率差异较大，最高是四川达州市大竹县，为69．7％；其次为新疆伊宁市，为68．0％。阳性率高于20％的哨点集中于四川、新疆、广西和湖南等省份；吸毒者中注射吸毒比例的中位数为64．1％，注射吸毒者中共用注射器比例的中位数为46．8％。（4）3个男性同性恋哨点中，安徽合肥市的HIV抗体阳性率为3．3％，其余两个哨点均低于1％；男性同性恋肛交时使用安全套的比例仍很低。结论中国HIV感染疫情仍呈蔓延扩散之势。吸毒人群中高比例注射吸毒及高比例共用注射器行为，暗娼及男性同性恋中的低安全性行为，提示需要进一步加大有效干预措施的力度及覆盖面。     

面向医疗护理的视觉监控医院患者跌倒检测

提出一种面向医院患者的视觉监控跌倒检测算法,解决患者由于意外跌倒不能被及时发现的问题,为医护人员快速处理患者跌倒等异常行为提供必要的技术保障。方法:首先,基于深度神经网络模型检测监控图像中人体关节点（如肩部、肘部、腕部、胯部、膝关节等）在图像中的位置,再根据亲和度向量场模型提取人体骨架,最后计算患者躯干、腿部与地面的夹角作为判别性特征,判断监控区域内是否有患者出现意外跌倒。结果:实验结果表明,本文所提算法在实际的医院监护环境中的处理速度高达25帧/s,检测准确率高达96%。结论:该方法能够实时、准确地提取医院环境下患者的行为特征,并针对意外跌倒情况发出警报,为医护人员监测患者跌倒等异常行为提供更准确、方便的计算机辅助医疗护理方法。     

People fifty years or older now account for the majority of AIDS cases in San Francisco,California, 2010

People aged 50 and older are an increasing proportion of the population of persons living with AIDS (PLWA) in the USA. We used San Francisco's population-based HIV/AIDS surveillance registry to examine trends in the age distribution of people diagnosed and living with AIDS in San Francisco, California. AIDS case reporting is highly complete. Death ascertainment is complete through 2009 and 95% complete for 2010. At the end of 2010, 9796 persons were living with AIDS in San Francisco. Of these, more than half (5112 or 52%) were 50-years old or older. This proportion has steadily increased since 1990 in San Francisco. Our data also indicate that age at AIDS diagnosis has increased in San Francisco during the years 1990–2010. The proportion of PLWA who are aged 50 years or older is now a majority among PLWA in San Francisco. We believe that San Francisco is the first local jurisdiction in the USA to reach this milestone. The growing population of older persons with AIDS presents new challenges for research, medical care and support services.     

Surveillance of Influenza in Indonesia, 2003–2007

Background Longitudinal data are limited about the circulating strains of influenza viruses and their public health impact in Indonesia. We conducted influenza surveillance among outpatients and hospitalized patients with influenza‐like illness (ILI) across the Indonesian archipelago from 2003 through 2007. Methodology Demographic, clinical data, and respiratory specimens were collected for 4236 ILI patients tested for influenza virus infection by RT‐PCR and viral culture. Principal Findings Influenza A and B viruses co‐circulated year‐round with seasonal peaks in influenza A virus activity during the rainy season (December–January). During 2003–2007, influenza viruses were identified in 20·1% (4236/21 030) of ILI patients, including 20·1% (4015/20 012) of outpatients, and 21·7% (221/1018) of inpatients. One H5N1 case was identified retrospectively in an outpatient with ILI. Antigenic drift in circulating influenza A and B virus strains was detected during the surveillance period in Indonesia. In a few instances, antigenically drifted viruses similar to the World Health Organization (WHO) vaccine strains were detected earlier than the date of their designation by WHO. Conclusions Influenza A and B virus infections are an important cause of influenza‐like illness among outpatients and hospitalized patients in Indonesia. While year‐round circulation of influenza viruses occurs, prevention and control strategies should be focused upon the seasonal peak during rainy season months. Ongoing virologic surveillance and influenza disease burden studies in Indonesia are important priorities to better understand the public health impact of influenza in South‐East Asia and the implications of influenza viral evolution and global spread.     

海盐县基本消灭疟疾后监测分析

通过对海盐县1988~2005年疟疾监测资料的分析,了解本地区疟疾的病原、传播媒介和流行规律。     

2002—2012年大邑县艾滋病监测

目的了解大邑县的艾滋病流行特征,为科学制定防治策略提供依据。方法通过《艾滋病综合防治信息系统》收信、整理、分析资料。结果2002—2012年大邑县共发现HIV／AIDS145例,死亡35例,年龄集中在25～45岁。男性100例,女性45例,男女性别比为2．22：1。职业以农民为主（62．76％）,文化程度以初中为主（50．34％）,婚姻状况以已婚有配偶为主（50．34％）,感染途径以异性传播为主（88．97％）。结论大邑县艾滋病病例以男性青壮年农民为主,应加强高危人群,特别是农民的艾滋病防控工作。     

The genetic match between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza A viruses in Vietnam, 2001–2009

Please cite this paper as: Vuong et al. (2013). The genetic match between vaccine strains and circulating seasonal influenza A viruses in Vietnam, 2001–2009. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 7(6), 1151–1157. Background  Vietnam is currently developing domestic capability to manufacture influenza vaccines but information on the genetic and antigenic characteristics of locally circulating seasonal influenza viruses is limited. To assess the relevance of WHO recommended vaccine strains to the situation in Vietnam, we analyzed the genetic relatedness of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of seasonal influenza A viruses circulating in Vietnam from 2001 to 2009 to WHO recommended vaccine strains over the same period. Methods and Principal findings  We sequenced the HA gene of 32 H1N1 and 44 H3N2 seasonal influenza A isolates from laboratory‐based sentinel surveillance sites in Hanoi from 2001 to 2005 and from a national influenza surveillance system from 2005 to 2009. H1 and H3 HA phylogenetic trees rooted to vaccine strains A/Beijing/295/1995 (H1N1) and A/Moscow/10/1999 (H3N2), respectively, were constructed with contemporary HA sequences of isolates from neighboring countries. We found some genetic differences between seasonal influenza H3N2 viruses and three WHO influenza vaccine strains recommended for use in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres for the 2001–2004 and 2007–2008 seasons and close genetic identity of circulating H3N2 strains with the recommended WHO Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains for 2004 and 2009 seasons. The genetic similarity of circulating H1N1 strains with the WHO recommended vaccine strains are described for the study period 2001–2009. Conclusions  The HA gene of seasonal influenza virus strains in Vietnam (especially influenza A/H3N2) showed varying degrees of genetic identity compared with those of the Northern or Southern Hemisphere vaccine strains recommended by WHO. The close relatedness of the HA of Vietnamese strains and contemporary strains from nearby countries indicate a good genetic match of circulating strains during study period. Greater representation of virus isolates from South East Asia in the vaccine strain selection process is desirable of influenza vaccine development in Vietnam.