Astrocytes in the damaged brain: Molecular and cellular insights into their reactive response and healing potential

Long considered merely a trophic and mechanical support to neurons, astrocytes have progressively taken the center stage as their ability to react to acute and chronic neurodegenerative situations became increasingly clear. Reactive astrogliosis starts when trigger molecules produced at the injury site drive astrocytes to leave their quiescent state and become activated. Distinctive morphological and biochemical features characterize this process (cell hypertrophy, upregulation of intermediate filaments, and increased cell proliferation). Moreover, reactive astrocytes migrate towards the injured area to constitute the glial scar, and release factors mediating the tissue inflammatory response and remodeling after lesion. A novel view of astrogliosis derives from the finding that subsets of reactive astrocytes can recapitulate stem cell/progenitor features after damage, fostering the concept of astroglia as a promising target for reparative therapies. But which biochemical/signaling pathways modulate astrogliosis with respect to both the time after injury and the type of damage? Are reactive astrocytes overall beneficial or detrimental for neuroprotection and tissue regeneration? This debate has been animating this research field for several years now, and an integrated view on the results obtained and the possible future perspectives is needed. With this Commentary article we have attempted to answer the above-mentioned questions by reviewing the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms controlling and sustaining the reaction of astroglia to injury and its stem cell-like properties. Moreover, the cellular/molecular mechanisms supporting the detrimental or beneficial features of astrogliosis have been scrutinized to gain insights on possible pharmacological approaches to enhance astrocyte neuroprotective activities.     

视神经管减压术的应用解剖与临床

本文复习了视神经管、视神经硬膜鞘、眼动脉的显微解剖及视神经损伤的方式、病理生理,比较了神经外科、耳鼻喉科、眼科等不同临床科室视神经管减压术的特点,对临床工作中视神经管减压术的适应证、手术方式的选择有重要意义.     

白三烯拮抗剂ONO-1078对电刺激迷走神经、辣椒素和P物质引起的豚鼠心血管反应的作用(英文)

阐明ONO-1078(ONO,4-氧-8-[对-(4-苯丁氧基)苯甲酰氨基]-2-(5-四唑基)-4H-1-苯并毗喃)对神经原性刺激诱导心血管反应的作用.方法:观察豚鼠心房和心室伊文思蓝渗出以及平均主动脉压(MAP)变化.结果:在阿托品(1 mg·kg~(-1),iv)预先处理后,电刺激迷走神经(ESV,10 Hz,5 ms,2或10 V,90 s)显著增高伊文思蓝渗出;辣椒素和P物质也增加染料渗出并降低平均动脉压(MAP).ONO(0.03,0.1 mg·kg~(-1),iv)抑制ESV的反应,在刺激强度低(2 V)时更明显;ONO 0.03 mg·kg~(-1)减弱辣椒素引起的微血管渗漏和低血压,但对P物质无影响.结论:ONO-1078可能通过抑制感觉神经肽释放而调节神经原性炎症时的心血管反应.     

The relationship between Rarebit perimetry and OCT‐derived retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in glaucoma

Purpose: To examine the association between measures of neuroretinal matrix integrity as determined with Rarebit perimetry and optical coherence tomography (OCT)‐derived retinal nerve fibre layer thickness. Methods: One randomly selected eye of 30 White primary open‐angle glaucoma patients (age: 60.9 ± 11.7 years; MD: ?3.2 ± 5.1 dB) and 16 healthy White individuals (age: 33.2 ± 6.4 years; MD: ?0.8 ± 0.8 dB) were included in the study. Participants underwent Rarebit perimetry testing (central field, software version 4) and an OCT fast retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) scan. Correlation was investigated between hemifield Rarebit scores and the corresponding RNFL values, as well as between global Rarebit scores and the respective RNFL measures. Results: Statistically significant correlations of average hit rate (HR) < 90 and mean hit rate (MHR) were detected with Max–Min and average thickness (Pearson’s r ranging from 0.393 to 0.474). Number HR < 90 showed a moderate correlation only with Max–Min (r = ?0.396, P = 0.030). Regarding the association between hemifield hit rates and the corresponding OCT thickness parameters, only inferior maximum correlated moderately with HR superior (r = 0.385, P = 0.035). A tendency was detected for the relationship of superior maximum with HR inferior (r = 0.345, P = 0.062). For the control group, no significant correlation was found for any of the global or hemifield indices and the corresponding thickness values. Conclusion: Although Rarebit perimetry is based on a physiological principle distinctly different from conventional perimetry, it provides global indicators of neuroretinal matrix integrity that correlate with some OCT‐derived RNFL thickness measures.     

周围性面瘫电生理检查与预后相关分析

目的 评价面神经电图（ENoG）、F波和瞬目反射（BR）等电生理检查在早期周围性面瘫预后判断中的价值及相关性.方法 对发病3周内行ENoG、F波和BR检测的31例周围性面瘫患者的恢复情况进行随访,时间6个月～2年,分别以F波、BR异常与否以及ENoG是否≥90％作为诊断界值,比较3种诊断方法判断预后的准确度以及三者间的相关性.结果 3种方法均能准确判断周围性面瘫的预后,ENoG≥ 90％、F波和BR异常均预示预后差.Pearson相关性分析显示,F波和BR结果之间（r=0.674,P＜0.01）、ENoG与BR间（r =0.445,P＜ 0.05）具有一定的相关性,ENoG与F波的无相关性（r=0.251,P＞0.05）.结论 结合多项适当的电生理检查全面综合分析,对周围性面瘫早期预后判断起重要作用.     

长春西汀治疗血管性痴呆的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨长春西汀对血管性痴呆(VD)疗效和作用机制。方法:96例VD患者随机分成长春西汀治疗组和胞二磷胆碱对照组,分别在治疗第10、21d进行简易精神状态评分(MMSE)和长谷川评分(1DS),同时测定与记忆有关的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)的活性。结果:长春西汀治疗组患者第21d的MMSE和IDS评分均高于治疗前和一般治疗组(P＜0．01),且长春西汀治疗组VD患者的乙酰胆碱酯酶(AchE)活性降低和血浆乙酰胆(Ach)含量升高(P＜0．05)。结论:长春西汀治疗VD疗效肯定,其机制可能与胆碱能神经系统功能增强有关。     

舒芬太尼对小鼠周围神经损伤后再生的影响

目的 评价舒芬太尼对小鼠单侧坐骨神经损伤后再生的影响.方法 选取健康Balb/c小鼠160只,制作单侧坐骨神经离断损伤模型.采用随机数字表法分为4组,即舒芬太尼高(H)、中(M)、低(L)剂量组和对照(B)组,H组腹腔注射舒芬太尼100 μg/(kg·d),M组50 μg/(kg·d),L组25 μg/(kg,d),B组腹腔注射0.2 ml生理盐水.连续给药7d.每组小鼠分别在给药后1、3、5d和1、2、4、8、12周8个时间点进行神经电生理测试,每个时间点每个剂量组5只小鼠.检测坐骨神经再生后神经的传导波幅及传导速度,再处死小鼠,取其坐骨神经损伤处上下0.5 cm的神经组织进行镀银染色,观察神经纤维的再生形态及免疫组化检测S-100蛋白的表达.结果 H组给药4、8、12周动作电位波幅分别为(5.13±0.20)、(24.36±0.13)、(26.17±0.44)mv,M组分别为(4.76±0.19)、(19.19±0.09)、(23.71±0.09)mv,与B组同时点[(1.99±0.18)、(13.78±0.11)、(17.90±0.66)mv]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).H组给药4、8、12周神经传导速度分别为(40.1±0.7)、(60.9±1.2)、(66.1±0.8)m/s,M组分别为(33.5±0.7)、(55.6±1.1)、(60.2±0.7)m/s,与B组同时点[(25.6±0.8)、(50.2±0.3)、(50.7±1.1)m/s]比较,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).给药后8周镀银染色显示,H组的神经纤维排列较为整齐,很少有溶解现象;M组稍差,排列较整齐,有溶解现象;L组和B组的排列紊乱,多数神经纤维溶解.各剂量组损伤后S-100蛋白表达逐渐增加,到2周时达到高峰,然后逐渐下降.与B组比较,各时间点H、M组的S-100的表达均显著增加(P＜0.05).结论 舒芬太尼可以通过促进S-100的表达,促进周围神经损伤后的再生.     

辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊处方设计

目的 研究辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊的处方设计.方法 采用注入法制备辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊,以包封率为评价指标,评价不同组成材料制备的辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊.结果 得到9种辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊处方,其平均包封率均≥75%,粒径分布为5～30 μm,平均粒径均≤10 μm.结论 本文筛选得到9种包封率较高、粒径大小理想的辣椒碱表面活性剂泡囊处方,为进一步的研究奠定了基础.     

深低温保存兔角膜神经形态的观察

采用氯化金染色、乙醛酸诱发荧光（ＧＩＦ）和乙酰胆碱酯酶染色（ＡＣｈＥＳ）技术分别对兔深低温保存角膜中总体神经、肾上腺能和乙酰胆碱能神经形态进行系统观察。结果表明，深低温保存角膜的氯化金染色和ＡＣｈＥＳ神经形态与正常角膜神经相一致，但ＧＩＦ却为阴性。提示在光镜下，深低温保存角膜过程对角膜神经不造成形态损害。