中药炮制去毒机理探讨

从有毒中药的炮制与其毒性改变的关系上，提出了炮制能改变药物毒性的因素，归纳为以下7个方面：（1）去除含毒性成分的部位；（2）改变毒性成分的结构，使灾转变成毒性较小而生理活性不减的物质；（3）降低毒性成分的含量；（4）除去非有效的水溶性毒性成分；（5）破坏部分酶，以防效成分发生化学变化生成毒性物质；（6）破坏毒性成分结构，使之失去活性。（7）辅料的解毒作用。     

Do organic solvents induce changes in the dopaminergic system? Positron emission tomography studies of occupationally exposed subjects

Objectives: The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents may effect the levels and turnover of dopamine in man. Methods: A study was performed on 17 patients with neuropsychiatric symptoms due to occupational solvent exposure, and 11 healthy non-exposed male volunteers (controls). Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to assess striatal dopaminergic function, using l-[¹¹C]DOPA, [¹¹C]nomifensine and [¹¹C]raclopride as tracers. Results: The rate of dopamine synthesis was significantly increased among subjects with occupational exposure to organic solvents compared with non-exposed controls. After controlling for the difference in age between exposed and controls, the effect of solvent exposure became less apparent and was reduced from +32% (P = 0.009) to +25% (P = 0.07). There were no differences with regard to the binding of [¹¹C]nomifensine. Patients with and without the diagnosis of toxic encephalopathy did not differ with regard to their putaminal uptake of l-[¹¹C]DOPA, [¹¹C]nomifensine and [¹¹C]raclopride. Conclusion: The data support the hypothesis that long-term exposure to organic solvents may increase the rate of dopamine synthesis in the brain without affecting the number of presynaptic terminals or postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Received: 8 October 1996 / Accepted: 7 February 1997     

微量元素铝与人体健康

铝不是人体必需的微量元素，它对人体并没有什么有益作用。人体缺乏铝时，不会给人体带来什么损害，相反，它在人体中含量较多时，就会对人体产生危害，导致人体铝中毒。由于生活中广泛使用铝制品，铝盐净化水，从而使人体中铝的含量较高，本文针对铝对人体健康的影响及其防治作了深入分析。     

Modified Duhamel procedure for treatment of Hirschsprung's disease in infancy and childhood: review of 41 consecutive cases

The original Duhamel procedure has undergone several important modifications over the years by Martin, Ravitch, Soper, Talbert, and others. Combining the best features of these various modifications, a modified Duhamel procedure has been developed and utilized in 41 consecutive infants and children with all types of Hirschsprung's disease, including three with long segment involvement. The procedure includes the use of a formal upper and lower anastomosis and division of the spur by the GIA stapling device. There were no deaths and no early complications. At 2-7 yr all children are toilet-trained, continent, and growing well. With appropriate modifications, the Duhamel operation is a very satisfactory definitive procedure for Hirschsprung's disease in infancy and childhood.     

Regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity during experimental paraoxon poisoning

The effects of 0.4 or 0.8 mg paraoxon/kg i.v. on circulation and regional pre- and postganglionic sympathetic activity were studied in anaesthetized rabbits. At both doses, the discharges of the preganglionic efferents increased slowly, whereas the changes in activity of postganglionic efferents differed. Concomitantly with a transient initial rise in blood pressure a temporary increase of discharges to the skeletal muscles and to the intestine was observed which is attributed to spontaneous firing of the regional ganglionic cells. After injection of 0.4 mg/kg there occasionally occurred a second pressor reaction conditioned by enhancement of preganglionic activity and facilitated transmission in certain sympathetic ganglia.After injection of the higher dose, postganglionic activity generally decreased except for the discharges of gastrointestinal efferents, which increased. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output and total peripheral resistance fell markedly. A shock syndrome occurred which could be controlled by atropine injection if timely. From the results it was concluded that the higher dose of paraoxon blocked synaptic transmission in the paravertebral ganglia of the sympathetic trunk, and facilitated impulse transmission in the prevertebral abdominal ganglia.The authors dedicate this work in gratitude to Professor Dr. R. Domenjoz, on the occasion of his seventieth birthday     

ANAL TONOMETRY IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD IN MATURE AND PREMATURE CHILDREN

ABSTRACT: Verder, H., Krasilnikoff, P. A. and Scheibel, Elma (From the Department of Paediatrics, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark). Anal tonometry in the neonatal period in mature and premature children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:592, 1975.–Anal tonometry was performed during the first days of life in twelve premature and fourteen mature children without signs of gastrointestinal disease. A new tonometer with small dimensions was used. A pressure decrease of the internal anal sphincter after distension of the rectum could be demonstrated in all children examined and as early as two hours after birth. This was to be expected as the relaxation of the internal sphincter is part of the normal defecation reflex. Thus anal tonometry can be used in the early diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease presumable already from the very first days of life.     

Idiopathic acquired megacolon:

Forty-eight patients treated for chronic incapacitating constipation by surgical resection were reviewed. Thirty-seven had subtotal colectomy, eight had left colectomy, two had right hemicolectomy, and one had ileostomy, colectomy, and a Hartmann pouch. There were significant complications (21 per cent) and one mortality (2 per cent). A long-term successful outcome was found in 81 per cent of the patients on follow-up. Physiologic studies are recommended to improve the selection of patients. Read at the meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons, Colorado Springs, Colorado, June 7 to 11, 1981.     

Megacystis and megacolon in an infant with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

We report a 14 month old male infant with Ehlers-Danlos syndrome who became ‘anuric’ due to an acutely dilated urinary bladder. Although the patient was also found to have megacolon, no diverticulum was seen in his gastrointestinal tract or urinary bladder. In order to decompress the urinary bladder and colonic wall, we put an indwelling urinary catheter in place for 2 months, and carried out daily glycerin enema for 3 months. All urological and gastrointestinal symptoms subsided with this intensive medical treatment. The diagnosis of megacystis and megacolon was made very early in life for this patient. This may indicate that the striking extension of gastrointestinal and bladder wall may lead to the development of diverticula of gastrointestinal and urinary tracts in later life.