机器人胸腺扩大切除术在老年重症肌无力患者中的应用

目的评价达芬奇S（da Vinci S）机器人胸腺扩大切除术在老年重症肌无力患者中的应用价值。方法 2009年5月～2011年12月,使用da Vinci S机器人手术系统完成9例老年重症肌无力胸腺及胸腺瘤切除并进行胸腺周围脂肪组织清扫术。全身麻醉下双腔气管插管,仰卧位,一侧胸部垫高30°,术侧胸壁腋前线第5肋间皮肤切开1.5 cm,置入trocar作为观察孔,左右侧各约10 cm的距离（在腋前线第3肋间和锁骨中线第6肋间）置入左右机械手臂trocar,在腋中线第7肋间置入trocar作为辅助操作孔,连接机械手臂。人工气胸压力6～12 mm Hg。胸腺及周围脂肪组织置入一次性取物袋,经辅助操作孔取出。结果 9例均手术成功,无中转开胸。麻醉时间平均180 min（60～210 min）,机器人手术时间平均60 min（30～110min）,术中出血量平均100 ml（30～200 ml）。无手术输血,住ICU时间平均1 d（1～3 d）。9例随访5～32个月,平均12个月,DeFilippi分级1级2例,2级2例,3例5例,有效率100%。结论选择合适的老年患者,使用da Vinci S机器人手术系统行胸腺扩大切除术安全可行,效果确切。     

MGFA分型及QMG评分预测重症肌无力患者术后延迟拔管的价值

目的探讨美国重症肌无力协会基于定量测试的临床分型((MGFA分型)及定量评分(QMG评分)对重症肌无力(MG)患者胸腺切除术后延迟拔管的预测价值。方法以我院2007年1月至2012年2月确诊为MG行胸骨正中切口胸腺切除手术的61例患者为研究对象,根据术后情况分为正常拔管组(47例)和延迟拔管组(14例),比较两组性别、年龄、术前MGFA临床分型、QMG评分、肝肾功能、电解质、术前新斯的明及强的松用量等情况。绘制术前MGFA分型及QMG评分的受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,计算QMG评分的最佳临界值,同时对MGFA分型及QMG评分预测术后延迟拔管的敏感度与特异度进行比较。结果延迟拔管组(14例)在术毕麻醉苏醒后需呼吸支持或拔管后48h内再次插管,延迟拔管率为22.95%。MGFA分型、QMG评分预测术后延迟拔管的ROC曲线下面积(AUC)分别为0.723、0.866,以QMG评分8.5为阈值,预测延迟拔管的灵敏度为78.6%,特异度为87.2%,而MGFA分型预测的灵敏度为78.5%,特异度为63.8%。结论术前MGFA分型、QMG评分可作为术后延迟拔管的预测指标。     

胸腔镜胸腺切除术后不留置引流管的安全性分析

目的:探讨胸腔镜胸腺切除术后不留置引流管的临床效果及安全性。方法:采用随机对照法比较胸腔镜胸腺切除术后留置与不留置引流管的临床效果,利用计算机产生随机数字的方法将2014年5月至2016年5月就诊的54例良性胸腺肿瘤患者分为观察组(n=27)与对照组(n=27)。观察组胸腔镜胸腺切除术后不留置引流管,对照组术后则留置引流管。对比评估两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间、术后疼痛度及术后并发症情况。结果:两组均顺利完成手术。观察组术后住院时间短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-5.811,P0.001),两组术中出血量、手术时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后第1天、第3天,观察组疼痛度低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(t=-6.244,P0.001;t=-5.988,P0.001)。术后并发症发生率两组相比差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:胸腔镜胸腺切除术后不留置引流管可缩短住院时间,减轻术后疼痛,改善术后生活质量,且不增加术后并发症的发生风险,是安全、可行的。     

True thymic hyperplasia causing pure red cell aplasia: a case report

Pure red cell aplasia caused by true thymic hyperplasia is extremely rare. We report the case of a 25-year-old female diagnosed with pure red cell aplasia. Following a thymectomy confirming true thymic hyperplasia and corticosteroid therapy, complete response was achieved. Patients diagnosed with pure red cell aplasia should be investigated with a computerized tomographic scan to assess for thymic pathology and if present, this should be resected. Follow-up is essential to monitor for recurrence.     

胸腺切除对重症肌无力患者外周血淋巴细胞Fas表达及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的研究胸腺切除对重症肌无力（MG）患者外周血淋巴细胞（PBL）中Fas表达及T淋巴细胞亚群的影响,探讨胸腺切除术治疗MG与Fas介导的细胞凋亡的关系。方法采用流式细胞技术检测17例MG患者及13例健康对照组PBL中CD4^＋CD8^＋及Fas表达。结果与对照组相比,无行胸腺切除术组MG患者PBL中CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞比例升高,CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞比例下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;行胸腺切除术组CD4^＋CD8^＋细胞比例较无行胸腺切除术组下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。无行胸腺切除术组MG患者PBL中Fas^＋、CD4^＋Fas^＋细胞比例以及行胸腺切除术组Fas^＋细胞比例均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。行胸腺切除术组MG患者PBL中Fas^＋、CD4^＋Fas^＋及CD4^＋Fas^＋细胞比例低于无行胸腺切除术组,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论MG患者存在外周血T淋巴细胞亚群分布异常,胸腺切除可减少此异常。MG患者PBL表面Fas表达升高,可能反映体内T淋巴细胞的活化及CD8^＋T淋巴细胞介导的细胞毒性作用增强。胸腺切除可降低PBL中Fas的表达,可能与治疗MG的机制有关。     

横断胸骨第2肋间小切口与胸骨正中切口行胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的对比研究

目的比较横断胸骨第2肋间与胸骨正中切口行胸腺切除治疗重症肌无力的手术效果,以合理选择手术方式。方法回顾性分析1989年6月～2007年5月行胸腺切除术治疗633例重症肌无力患者的临床资料,根据不同的手术切口将其分为横断胸骨组(1989年6月～2007年5月,568例)和正中切口组(1989年6月～1996年5月,65例)。采用独立样本t检验分析手术时间、术中出血量、术后引流量、住院费用、术后住院时间等指标,采用χ2检验分析手术并发症、肌无力危象发生率。结果与正中切口组相比,横断胸骨组手术时间短[(71.1±14.4)min vs(110.0±11.7)min,t=8.829,P=0.000],术中出血量少[(56.4±15.7)ml vs(100.1±11.3)ml,t=9.406,P=0.000],胸腔引流时间短[(1.7±0.4)d vs(3.1±0.6)d,t=8.463,P=0.000],引流量少[(87.6±23.9)ml vs(99.9±11.2)ml,t=2.213,P=0.033],住院费用低[(11833.0±2167.2)元vs(15333.0±4141.4)元,t=2.594,P=0.017],术后住院时间短[(8.6±1.1)d vs(12.2±3.0)d,t=4.503,P=0.000],手术切口短[(7.9±1.2)cm vs(17.3±4.8)cm,t=7.911,P=0.000],切口感染发生率低[0%(0/568)vs 6.2%(4/65),P=0.000],胸骨裂开发生率低[0%(0/568)vs 7.7%(5/65),P=0.000],肺部感染发生率低[0%(0/568)vs 3.1%(2/65),P=0.010],手术后住院期间肌无力危象发生率低[8.8%(50/568)vs 16.9%(11/65),χ2=4.417,P=0.036]。2组术后第1年、第2年、第3年完全缓解率差异无显著性[21.8%(52/238)vs 19.5%(8/41),χ2=0.113,P=0.737;28.2%(67/238)vs 26.8%(11/41),χ2=0.030,P=0.862;31.9%(76/238)vs 31.7%(13/41),χ2=0.001,P=0.977]。结论横断胸骨第2肋间切口胸腺切除术治疗重症肌无力安全性好,手术时间短,创伤小,术中出血量少,胸腔引流和住院时间短,住院费用低,能降低术后肌无力危象和手术并发症的发生率,美观,而且横断胸骨组能取得正中切口组手术同样理想的治疗效果,值得临床推广。     

Surgical approach in thymectomy: Our experience and review of the literature

AimThymectomy is the main treatment for thymoma and patients with myasthenia gravis (MG). The traditional approach is through a median sternotomy, but, recently, thymectomy through minimally invasive approaches is increasingly performed. Our purpose is an analysis and discussion of the clinical presentation, the diagnostic procedures and the surgical technique. We also consider post-operative complications and results, over a period of 5 years (May 2011–June 2016), in thymic masses admitted in our Thoracic Surgery Unit.MethodsWe analyzed 8 patients who underwent surgical treatment for thymic masses over a period of 5 years. 6 patients (75%) had thymoma, 2 patients (25%) had thymic carcinomas. 2 patients with thymoma (33%) had myasthenia gravis. We performed a complete surgical resection with median sternotomy as standard approach.ResultsOne patient (12%) died in the postoperative period. The histological study revealed 6 (75%) thymoma and 2 (25%) thymic carcinomas. Post-operative morbidity occurred in 2 patients (25%) and were: pneumonia in 1 case (12%), atrial fibrillation and pleural effusion in 2 patients (25%). One patient with thymoma type A recurred at skeletal muscle 2-years after surgery.ConclusionsThymic malignancies are rare tumors. Surgical resection is the main treatment, but a multimodal approach is useful for many patients. Radical thymectomy is completed removing all the soft tissue in the anterior mediastinum between the two phrenic nerves and this is the most important factor in controlling myasthenia and influencing survival in patients with thymoma. Open (median sternotomy) approach has been the standard approach for thymectomy for the better visualization of the anatomical structures. Actually, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) thymectomy and robotic video-assisted thoracoscopic (R-VATS) approach versus open surgery has an equal if not superior oncological efficacy, better perioperative complications and survival outcomes.     

Analysis of the role of thyroidectomy and thymectomy in the surgical treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism

Purpose

Parathyroidectomy can be subtotal or total with an autograft for the treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism. In both cases, it may be extended with bilateral thymectomy and total or partial thyroidectomy. Thymectomy may be recommended in combination with parathyroidectomy in order to prevent mediastinal recurrence. Also, the occurrence of thyroid disease observed in patients with hyperparathyroidism is poorly understood and the incidence of cancer is controversial. The aim of the present study was to report the experience of a single center in the surgical treatment of renal hyperparathyroidism and to analyse the role of thyroid and thymus surgery in association with parathyroidectomy.

Video assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) Thymectomy-a better alternative

Background With the introduction of video imaging technique in late 1980s the field of thoracoscopy was expanded into video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in 1990. VATS has several unique advantages like reducing repiratory complications, hospital stay and post operative pain due to avoidance of thoracotomy/sternotomy. It is indicated in almost all thoracic surgical procedures-both diagnostic and therapeutic. VATS thymectomy is being practised more and more replacing conventional thymectomy with thoracotomy/sternotomy. Methods From 2000 to 2003 we have performed 22 cases of VATS thymectomy in Myesthenia Gravis. Surgery was performed in supine decubitus under General anaesthesia with Double Lumen E T Tube for epsilateral Lung Collapse. Three ports were made on the right chest at 2nd space parasternal, 4th space anterior axillary line and at 5th space just below the nipple. At the end of the procedure a chest drain was introduced through the lowest port. Results Out of 22 patients 12 were females and 10 males. Median age was 36 years (Range 16 years to 64 years). Median operating time was 2 hours and drainage was 200 ml. Median ventillation time was 6 hours. Median hospital stay was five days. There was no mortality and no major complications. Conclusion VATS thymectomy is a suitable alternative to conventional thymectomy with thoracotomy/sternotomy. Results are comparable. VATS is now developing into an exciting adjunct in thoracic surgery. The morbidity associated with this procedure is extremely low. VATS has become an essential component of all thoracic surgical units and more and more thoracic surgical dieases will be managed with this minimally invasive technique in future.