开胸肿瘤切除术后舒芬太尼自控静脉镇痛临床研究

目的：通过疼痛评估及呼吸监测等方法评价舒芬太尼用于开胸肿瘤切除术后自控静脉镇痛（patient-controlled intravenous analgesia，PCIA）的有效性及安全性。方法：开胸肿瘤切除手术病人53例，随机分为两组：舒芬太尼组（S组，n=25）背景剂量为舒芬太尼0．03μg（kg·h）^-1，自控剂量为舒芬太尼0．03μg·kg^-1；芬太尼组（F组．n=28）背景剂量为芬太尼0．3μg（kg·h）^-1，自控剂量为芬太尼0.3μg·kg^-1，锁定时间均为15min.术后监测心率、血压、呼吸及脉搏氧饱和度，采用视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale，VAS）和6点Ramsay镇静评分法评估镇痛镇静效果．并记录每天的镇痛用药容量及不良反应。结果：S、F组的镇痛满意率分别为88．0％、89.3％．组间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）：S组术后第1天用药容量明显高于F组（P〈0．01），术后第2天、第3天用药容量亦高于F组（P〈0．05）；两组的VAS评分、Ramsay评分无统计学差异（P〉0．05），呼吸抑制、血流动力学稳定性、术后恶心呕吐发生率等方面均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）结论：舒芬太尼用于开胸肿瘤切除术后PCIA操作简单，镇痛效果确切，呼吸抑制作用轻微，血流动力学稳定，在监测疼痛程度、呼吸幅度及意识状态的情况下使用安全性较高.     

食管癌、贲门癌切除术应用中部切断肋骨与前后部切断肋骨剖胸方法的对比研究

目的 探讨手术治疗食管癌、贲门癌的最佳进胸方法,以获得良好的术野暴露,并减少创伤.方法 207例食管癌,贲门癌经第6、7肋中部切断肋骨,剥离上下1/2肋骨骨膜,剪开骨膜,撑开器向上下撑开,至适当的暴露范围.与传统的前后端切断肋骨剖胸方法比较手术创伤,暴露范围,关胸情况.结果 中部切断肋骨剖胸方法与前后部切断肋骨剖胸方法术野暴露相仿,但手术创伤小,切断肋骨后游离上下1/2肋骨骨膜,未切断肋间肌,而前后部切断肋骨剖胸方法需切断大部分肋间肌,出血量多.中部切断肋骨剖胸方法关胸时所断肋骨可恢复解剖对位,切口美观性好,而前后部切断肋骨剖胸方法前后部肋骨断端不能很好对位,术后疼痛明显,创伤大.结论 中部切断肋骨剖胸方法术野暴露范围满意,手术创伤小,关胸后肋骨无畸形,对位佳,值得推广应用.     

开胸手术后疼痛综合征

开胸手术后疼痛综合征为开胸手术伤口愈合后无其他器质性病变而伤口周围残留胸背部的慢性疼痛。主要病因为手术中直接或间接肋间神经损伤及损伤后神经修复不良。治疗以综合方法为主，最新治疗方向为施以完整的疼痛治疗链，阻断手术后急性痛迁延为慢性痛。     

Azygos lobe associated with esophageal atresia: a trap for the unwary

Presence of an associated azygos lobe may cause problems during thoracotomy on the right side for esophageal atresia. Awareness of the anomaly allows its recognition and appropriate management.     

Video assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) Thymectomy-a better alternative

Background With the introduction of video imaging technique in late 1980s the field of thoracoscopy was expanded into video assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) in 1990. VATS has several unique advantages like reducing repiratory complications, hospital stay and post operative pain due to avoidance of thoracotomy/sternotomy. It is indicated in almost all thoracic surgical procedures-both diagnostic and therapeutic. VATS thymectomy is being practised more and more replacing conventional thymectomy with thoracotomy/sternotomy. Methods From 2000 to 2003 we have performed 22 cases of VATS thymectomy in Myesthenia Gravis. Surgery was performed in supine decubitus under General anaesthesia with Double Lumen E T Tube for epsilateral Lung Collapse. Three ports were made on the right chest at 2nd space parasternal, 4th space anterior axillary line and at 5th space just below the nipple. At the end of the procedure a chest drain was introduced through the lowest port. Results Out of 22 patients 12 were females and 10 males. Median age was 36 years (Range 16 years to 64 years). Median operating time was 2 hours and drainage was 200 ml. Median ventillation time was 6 hours. Median hospital stay was five days. There was no mortality and no major complications. Conclusion VATS thymectomy is a suitable alternative to conventional thymectomy with thoracotomy/sternotomy. Results are comparable. VATS is now developing into an exciting adjunct in thoracic surgery. The morbidity associated with this procedure is extremely low. VATS has become an essential component of all thoracic surgical units and more and more thoracic surgical dieases will be managed with this minimally invasive technique in future.     

Right postero-lateral thoracotomy for atrial septal defect closure; a comparative analysis with median sternotomy

Introduction In a low risk procedure like ASD closure Right Posterolateral thoracotomy approach aims at the cosmetic results as compared to median sternotomy. This paper illustrates our approach for a standardised Right Posterolateral thoracotomy in ostium secundum ASD repair and the analysis of the outcome. Methods Right Posterolateral thoracotomy (RPLT) was offered as a cosmetic alternative for atrial septal defect (ASD) closure in children, and selected adult patients below 30 years with lean body build. A retrospective study comparing these patients with median sternotomy approach during the same period (2000–2003) was performed. Exclusion criteria included preoperative diagnosis of complex ASD, obesity and chest wall deformity. Common variables were considered for analysis. Results There were 96 patients (66 females and 30 males) with an average age of 13yrs (range 3 to 27 years) in RPLT group and 225 patients (95 females and 130 males) with average age of 36 years (range 2 to 46 years) in sternotomy group. Extra corporeal time was 32 minutes (28 to 45) and aortic cross clamp time was 14 minutes (8 to 36) in RPLT while the values were 46 minutes (37 to 90) and 22 minutes (18 to 36) in Median sternotomy approach. Blood loss in postoperative period was 160 ml (20 ml to 400 ml) in thoracotomy group compared to 210 ml (40ml to 600 ml) in sternotomy group. There was no mortality or recurrence after repair of ASD during the follow-up. Significant postoperative morbidity was persisting pain and shoulder movement restriction in 12 patients. The scar was cosmetic in RPLT. Conclusion In selected patients with lean body build Right posterolateral thoracotomy is suitable for ostium secundum atrial septal defect closure. The final appearance has definite cosmetic advantage over sternotomy. Presented at the 50^th Annual Meeting of IACTS, New Delhi, Feb., 2004.     

Damage control surgery for thoracic injuries

Damage control of thoracic injuries begins frequently with an emergency department thoracotomy via an anterolateral incision. Bleeding and air leaks are quickly temporised. As opposed to abdominal damage control where most injuries can be temporised, most thoracic injuries require initial definitive repair. Thus, the goal of thoracic damage control is to perform the least definitive repair using the fastest and easiest techniques to shorten the operative time as much as possible. There are some injuries that can be temporised and require re-operation once physiologic normality has been achieved.     

Enucleation of submucosal tumors of the esophagus: minimally invasive versus open approach

Background Surgical enucleation of submucosal tumors (SMTs) of the esophagus (mostly leiomyomas) is indicated when either the tumors are symptomatic or their biological behavior is unclear. The classic approach is a thoracotomy, but tumor enucleation can now also be performed via thoracoscopy or, for distal tumors, via laparoscopy.Methods We assessed our experience with the different approaches in a total of 25 patients (n = 13 minimally invasive approach and n = 12 open surgery). Enucleation of the SMT was the basic surgical principle; the choice of the approach was based on the preference of the surgeon.Results Compared to open surgery, the minimally invasive approach reduced pulmonary complications, hospital stay, and postoperative wound-related pain. The operating time was the same for both approaches.Conclusion Minimally invasive approaches are suitable for the surgical enucleation of submucosal esophageal tumors. Thoracoscopic and laparoscopic techniques are recommended as standard procedures in experienced centers.     

Thoracic epidural infusions for post thoracotomy pain relief: a clinical study to compare the efficacy of fentanyl — bupivicaine mixtures versus fentanyl alone

Background: Optimum pain relief following thoracotomy is essential for patient comfort and to reduce the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications. Methods: A randomized clinical trial was conducted on 90 patients scheduled for pulmonary resection. The patients were randomly divided into three groups. Group 1 received 0.125% bupivicaine with fentanyl 10μg.ml⁻¹, Group 2 received 0.25% bupivicaine with fentanyl 10μg.ml⁻¹ and Group 3 received only fentanyl 10μg.ml⁻¹ in a calculated dose as a continuous thoracic epidural infusion. Adequacy of anglesia was assessed at rest and during movement over 24 hours. Analgesic efficacy was assessed using a visual analogue score and an observer verbal ranking scale. Results: Pain scores were significantly higher in Group 3 during the assessment period. (p<0.01) as compared to the other groups. The use of intraoperative vasopressors was significantly higher (p<0.05) in Group 2 as compared to the other groups. No neurological complications were encountered in any of the study groups. Conclusion: We conclude that in the early postoperative period, the use of 0.125% bupivicaine improves fentanyl epidural analgesia in patients undergoing lung resection.