Thirty-seven jump-landing biomechanical variables are associated with asymptomatic patellar tendon abnormality and patellar tendinopathy: A systematic review

ObjectiveTo identify studies that report three-dimensional (3D) biomechanical analysis of jump-landing tasks in relation to athletes with current patellar tendinopathy (PT), and/or asymptomatic with history of PT or patellar tendon abnormality (PTA) on diagnostic imaging.MethodsFive electronic databases were searched. Included articles were required to: (1) investigate the 3D biomechanics of a jump-landing task; (2) be cross-sectional or longitudinal in design; and (3) include participants that had symptomatic PT, were asymptomatic with a history of PT, asymptomatic with PTA on diagnostic imaging and/or asymptomatic with an unknown pathology or PT history.ResultsThirty-seven statistically significant jump-landing variables were associated with PT, history of PT and/or PTA. The only consistent variable that could be replicated between studies was knee flexion angle at initial foot-ground contact (IC) and an altered hip flexion/extension strategy during a horizontal land phase of a vertical stop-jump.ConclusionIsolated vertical landings or take-offs alone may not be sensitive enough to identify key jump-landing variables associated with PT, thus clinicians and researchers should incorporate a whole jump-landing task with a horizontal landing component. Sagital plane hip and knee kinematics in a horizontal landing phase appear to provide the most valuable information for evaluating those with PT.     

High-intensity focused ultrasound ablation of ex vivo bovine achilles tendon

Small tears in tendons are a common occurrence in athletes and others involved in strenuous physical activity. Natural healing in damaged tendons can result in disordered regrowth of the underlying collagen matrix of the tendon. These disordered regions are weaker than surrounding ordered regions of normal tendon and are prone to re-injury. Multiple cycles of injury and repair can lead to chronic tendinosis. Current treatment options either are invasive or are relatively ineffective in tendinosis without calcifications. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has the potential to treat tendinosis noninvasively. HIFU ablation of tendons is based on a currently-used surgical analog, viz., needle tenotomy. This study tested the ability of HIFU beams to ablate bovine tendons ex vivo. Two ex vivo animal models were employed: a bare bovine Achilles tendon (deep digital flexor) on an acoustically absorbent rubber pad, and a layered model (chicken breast proximal, bovine Achilles tendon central and a glass plate distal to the transducer). The bare-tendon model enables examination of lesion formation under simple, ideal conditions; the layered model enables detection of possible damage to intervening soft tissue and consideration of the possibly confounding effects of distal bone. In both models, the tissues were degassed in normal phosphate-buffered saline. The bare tendon was brought to 23 degrees C or 37 degrees C before insonification; the layered model was brought to 37 degrees C before insonification. The annular array therapy transducer had an outer diameter of 33 mm, a focal length of 35 mm and a 14-mm diameter central hole to admit a confocal diagnostic transducer. The therapy transducer was excited with a continuous sinusoidal wave at 5.25 MHz to produce nominal in situ intensities from 0.23-2.6 kW/cm(2). Insonification times varied from 2-10 s. The focus was set over the range from the proximal tendon surface to 7 mm deep. The angle of incidence ranged from 0 degrees (normal to the tissue surface) to 15 degrees . After insonification, tendons were dissected and photographed, and the dimensions of the lesions were measured. Transmission electron micrographs were obtained from treated and untreated tissue regions. Insonification produced lesions that mimicked the shape of the focal region. When lesions were produced below the proximal tendon surface, no apparent damage to overlying soft tissue was apparent. The low intensities and short durations required for consistent lesion formation, and the relative insensitivity of ablation to small variations in the angle of incidence, highlight the potential of HIFU as a noninvasive treatment option for chronic tendinosis.     

老年人膝关节肌腱韧带病变所致疼痛的治疗

目的探索老年人膝关节肌腱韧带病变所致疼痛的治疗方法。方法选取我院镇痛门诊近几年老年人膝关节肌腱韧带病变所致疼痛540例,分组比较药物与痛点封闭阻滞的治疗效果。结果痛点封闭阻滞的止痛效果高于单纯药物治疗（P〈0．001）。结论老年人膝关节肌腱韧带病变所致疼痛具有一定的发病率,痛点阻滞可有效治疗老年人膝关节肌腱韧带病变所致疼痛。     

Rotura del tendón de Aquiles asociada al uso de fluoroquinolonas en pacientes mayores de 60 años: experiencia de un centro de tercer nivel

BackgroundFluoroquinolones have been associated with increased risk of tendinopathy and Achilles tendon rupture (ATR), especially in patients over 60 years of age.MethodsA retrospective study was carried out including patients over 60 years of age with ATR attended in our centre over the period 2000-2017.ResultsWe identified 44 patients with RTA, of whom 18% (8/44) had been previously treated with fluoroquinolones, with a mean age at diagnosis of ATR of 77.37 years and concomitant corticotherapy in 4 of them. In 7 patients, the rupture was spontaneous and all required surgical management. A significantly higher frequency of smoking, concomitant corticotherapy and spontaneous ruptures were found in the group treated with fluoroquinolones.ConclusionsATR is an adverse event that can occur in patients over 60 years of age treated with fluoroquinolones, so an adequate risk-benefit assessment should be carried out in this population, especially in the presence of associated risk factors.     

口长屈肌腱病变与类风湿关节炎性平足症的相关性研究

 目的 探讨长屈肌腱(flexor hallucis longus,FHL)病变与类风湿关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)性平足症之间的相关性。方法 回顾性分析2010年2月至2011年6月因足部疼痛而就诊的47例(94足)RA患者资料。根据超声探查长屈肌腱病变情况,将患者分为3组：肌腱完整组(A组,27足),肌腱周围炎症组(B组,40足),肌腱断裂组(C组,27足)。所有患者均摄足部负重侧位X线片,并基于X线片行足内侧纵弓相关参数测量,包括跟骨倾斜角(heel pitch angle, HPA)、距骨第一跖骨角(tarsal and 1st metatarsal angle,TM1),并结合3组间年龄、病程等进行相关性分析。结果　A组平均年龄(49.9±9.2)岁,病程(4.7±2.6)年,HPA 21.9°±3.3°,TM1 2.5°±2.2°;B组平均年龄(56.2±9.2)岁,病程(16.2±7.4)年,HPA 16.8°±3.5°,TM1 6.5°±3.2°;C组平均年龄(54.7±8.0)岁,病程(20.9±4.4)年, HPA 11.5°±3.6°,TM1 11.2°±4.9°;3组间上述参数比较有差异。测量HPA4°者：A组5/27足,B组30/40足,C组27/27足,3组间比较有差异。结论 FHL病变在RA患者中常见,其严重程度与RA平足呈正相关,且受年龄及病程双重因素影响。     

The efficacy of sclerosing injections in the treatment of painful tendinopathy

Abstract

Background: Based on the assumption that neovascularization is a cause of tendon pain, sclerosing injections have increasingly been used to treat chronic tendon conditions. A number of clinical studies have investigated the efficacy of this intervention.

Objective: The aim of this study was to review the literature relating to the use of sclerosing injections for the management of painful tendinopathy.

Method: Medline, CINAHL, PEDro, Cochrane Database, PubMed, EMBASE, AMED, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched. Of 4632 abstracts identified, 24 were retained for further analysis. Each abstract was assessed by three reviewers; nine studies (four randomized controlled trials, four pilot studies, and one comparative study) met our inclusion criteria. Quality was assessed using the Downs and Black Scale.

Results: Two outcome measures were utilized: visual analogue score (VAS) for pain and estimated assessment of neovascularization. Seven trials reported some improvement in pain. Results from the three highest quality trials were inconclusive. Five trials reported a change in neovascularization pre- and post-intervention. One trial additionally used the Victoria Institute of Sports Assessment (VISA) to record pain outcomes.

Conclusions: The clinical significance of neovascularization as a cause of pain is contentious. Currently, there is insufficient robust evidence to support the use of sclerosing injections in the treatment of painful tendinopathy with concomitant neovascularity. Further clinical, imaging and laboratory studies investigating the relationship between neovascularity, tendon pain and its management are required.     

A Comparative Study of Treatment Interventions for Patellar Tendinopathy: A Randomized Controlled Trial

ObjectivesTo determine the additional effect of dry needling (DN) or percutaneous needle electrolysis (PNE) combined with eccentric exercise (EE) and determine which is the most effective for patients with patellar tendinopathy (PT).DesignBlinded, randomized controlled trial, with follow-up at 10 and 22 weeks.SettingsRecruitment was performed in sport clubs. Diagnosis and intervention were conducted at San Jorge University.ParticipantsPatients (N=48) with PT with pain for at least 3 months between the ages of 18 and 45 years.InterventionsThree interventions were carried out: DN and EE, PNE and EE, and EE with sham needle as the control group.Main Outcome MeasuresDisability was measured using the Victorian Institute of Sports Assessment Questionnaire, patellar tendon. Visual analog scale was used to measure pain over time, the Short Form-36 was used to measure quality of life, and ultrasound was used to measure structural abnormalities.ResultsA total of 48 participants (42 men, 6 women; average age, 32.46y; SD, 7.14y) were enrolled. The improvement in disability and pain in each group between baseline and post-treatment and baseline and follow-up was significant (P≤.05), without differences among groups.ConclusionDN or PNE combined with an EE program has not shown to be more effective than a program of only EE to improve disability and pain in patients with PT in the short (10wk) and medium (22wk) terms. Clinical improvements were not associated with structural changes in the tendon.     

示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能的疗效及解剖学研究

目的：探讨示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能术后对拇指和示指功能的影响及其解剖学机制。方法对12例进行回顾性研究,男7例,女5例,年龄18～78岁,平均42.3岁,拇长伸肌腱损伤的平面为III区4例,IV区5例,V区3例。采用示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能,术后8～83（33.5＆#177;29.9）个月进行电话随访。评价指标包括拇指和示指的功能。拇指功能评价指标：（1）患手手掌向下平置于桌面,能否主动将拇指指尖抬离桌面;（2）能否完成“挑大拇指”的动作;（3）在保持拇指掌指关节和指间关节伸直的情况下,能否完成以第一腕掌关节为支点的拇指划圈运动;（4）在拇指处于中立位时,能否较好地完成拇指指间关节屈曲动作。示指功能评价指标：（1）患手手掌向下平置于桌面时,能否主动将示指指尖单独抬离桌面;（2）在第3～5指呈握拳位时,能否将示指伸直至与手背同一平面,完成指示的动作;（3）能否完成“兰花指”的动作;（4）示指能否自如地使用鼠标,并完成连续双击左键的动作。另外,对5具成年男性尸体的前臂标本进行解剖学研究,重点测量了指总伸肌腱中示指和中指伸肌腱腱性起点的位置。结果术后所有患者都能使用患手较为顺利地完成日常生活和工作中的常用动作,年轻患者中除1例外,均恢复了原工作。12例中有11例主观评价手术疗效满意,1例表示对疗效不满意。其中有8例能完成全部4项拇指功能评价的动作,有3例可以完成拇指功能评价动作的3项,1例仅能完成拇指功能评价动作中的2项。12例均能使用示指自如地使用鼠标,有9例能够在患手手掌向下平置于桌面时主动将示指指尖单独抬离桌面。12例均能单独伸示指,完成指示动作,但仅有7例能在第3～5指呈握拳位时将示指伸直至与手背同一平面,另5例单独伸示指时为-20＆#176;和-30＆#176;。解剖学研究发现在指总伸肌腱中,示指的肌腹比较独立,示、中指的肌腱起点位置较高。结论示指固有伸肌腱移位重建伸拇功能在适应证恰当的情况下能够获得较好的伸拇功能,对示指的功能影响非常小。指总伸肌腱中的示指伸肌肌腹独立分化较好,去除示指固有伸肌腱后仍能完成独立伸示指的功能。