Inertial Flywheel Resistance Training in Tendinopathy Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

BackgroundInertial Flywheel Resistance Training (IFRT) has recently emerged as a beneficial rehabilitation option for some musculoskeletal disorders. Although the use of resistance training as treatment for tendinopathy has become widespread, it is unclear if IFRT has efficacy as a treatment option for tendinopathies.ObjectiveTo identify current evidence on IFRT in the treatment of tendinopathy, evaluating intervention parameters and outcomes.MethodsThis scoping review was reported in accordance with the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR). Databases searched included MEDLINE, CINAHL, AMED, EMBase, SPORTDiscus, Cochrane library (Controlled trials, Systematic reviews), and five trial registries. Two independent reviewers screened studies at title, abstract and full text. Following screening, data were extracted and charted, and presented as figures and tables alongside a narrative synthesis. Any study design conducted on adults, investigating the effects of IFRT for tendinopathy were included. Data were extracted on intervention parameters and outcomes of IFRT interventions.ResultsFour studies on patellar tendinopathy were included. A variety of outcomes were assessed, including pain, function, strength, power, and tendon morphological and mechanical properties, particularly changes in tendon thickness. IFRT intervention parameters were largely homogenously prescribed, with slight variances.ConclusionDespite a paucity of studies to date on the effects of IFRT for treating tendinopathy, preliminary evidence for beneficial effects of IFRT on clinical outcomes in patellar tendinopathy is encouraging. As IFRT is a relatively new and unexplored method in tendinopathy rehabilitation, definitive conclusions, and recommendations cannot be made at present, which should be addressed in future research, due to the potential therapeutic benefits highlighted in this review.     

Proximal hamstring tendinopathy; expert physiotherapists’ perspectives on diagnosis,management and prevention

ObjectivesTo explore and summarise expert physiotherapists’ perceptions on their assessment, management and prevention of proximal hamstring tendinopathy (PHT).MethodsWe conducted semi-structured interviews with expert physiotherapists until data saturation was met (n = 13). Interviews were transcribed verbatim and data were analysed systematically and organised into categories and sub-categories according to study aims.ResultsExperts report using a clinical reasoning-based approach, incorporating information from the patient interview and results of clinical load-based provocation tests, in the physical examination to diagnose PHT. Experts manage the condition through education and progressive loading targeting the hamstring unit and kinetic chain, avoiding provocative activities in positions of compression in early-mid stage rehab and a gradated and controlled return to sport. Passive therapies including injection therapies and surgery were believed to have limited utility. Prevention of recurrence primarily involved continuation of hamstring and kinetic chain strengthening programs and management of physical workload.ConclusionExperts rely on a combination of information from the patient interview and a battery of pain provocation tests to diagnose PHT. Education and graded exercise of the hamstring group and synergists, minimising early exposure to hip flexion, were the foundation of management of the condition.     

关节镜下治疗慢性冈上肌钙化性肌腱炎的早期随访研究

目的:探讨关节镜下治疗慢性冈上肌钙化性肌腱炎的早期疗效。方法:2013年3月至2015年9月为16例冈上肌钙化性肌腱炎患者行关节镜下冈上肌肌腱钙化灶清除术,术前及术后第3、6、12、18个月随访,采用美国肩肘外科协会评分系统(American shoulder and elbow surgeons scores,ASES)、Constant-Murley评分(Constant-Murley scores,CMS)及视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)评价手术疗效,记录患者恢复功能锻炼的时间。结果:16例患者术后随访18~24个月,平均(20.4±1.7)个月。ASES评分由术前的(48.32±9.45)分提高至术后末次随访的(89.15±4.84)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-15.35,P0.01);CMS评分由术前的(54.69±7.25)分提高至末次随访的(95.34±5.06)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-11.78,P0.05);VAS疼痛评分由术前的(8.26±1.37)分减少至末次随访的(2.13±1.05)分,差异有统计学意义(t=-14.89,P0.01)。16例患者平均于术后(16.9±2.4)d恢复正常肩关节活动,术后肩部症状改善明显,关节活动度较前明显增加。结论:关节镜治疗保守无效的慢性冈上肌钙化性肌腱炎具有手术创伤小、患者康复快、病灶清除彻底的优点,早期随访结果满意,是可靠、有效的治疗方法。     

超声影像灰度分析评估冈上肌腱病的初步研究

目的探索计算机灰度平均值对冈上肌腱病患者的评估作用。 方法纳入广州医科大学附属第五医院康复科治疗的单侧冈上肌腱病患者46例,排除双侧肩痛和其他非肌腱因素所致的肩痛患者。按性别分为男性组16例、女性组30例;按年龄分为青壮年组10例、中年组19例、老年组17例;按病程分为急性期组13例、慢性期组19例、慢性迁延期组14例。触诊冈上肌腱行VAS评分并定位标记主要压痛点和次要压痛点。以改良Crass体位对冈上肌腱行超声摄片,对主要及次要压痛点短轴图行患侧健侧等面积截图,行计算机灰度分析测其灰度平均值。采用配对t检验,比较主要压痛点和次要压痛点,患侧和健侧灰度平均值的差异;采用单因素方差分析,比较不同性别、年龄、病程组间,主要压痛点和次要压痛点灰度平均值的差异。采用计算机灰度分析方法定量评价超声视觉评估无特异性病变的冈上肌腱压痛点回声差异。 结果冈上肌腱存在多个压痛点,根据VAS评分可分为主要和次要压痛点。女性主压痛点VAS评分高于男性(t＝2.175,P<0.05),老年组主压痛点VAS评分高于中年组和青壮年组(F＝3.851,P<0.05)。冈上肌腱主要及次要压痛点灰度平均值均小于健侧(t＝8.109、4.816,均为P<0.001)。患侧冈上肌腱,按年龄性别或者病程分组,主要压痛点灰度平均值较健侧均明显下降(P<0.05)。健侧冈上肌腱,其灰度平均值女性低于男性(t＝3.881,P<0.001),老年组低于中年组和青壮年组(F＝14.000,P<0.001)。 结论冈上肌腱病常有多个压痛点,需要对所有压痛点进行超声检查。对于超声视觉评估无特征性征象的冈上肌腱压痛点,灰度平均值较健侧下降可提示冈上肌腱病,此方法可量化肩袖肌腱病变程度,有望为该病的诊断提供参考依据。     

Kinematic risk factors for lower limb tendinopathy in distance runners: A systematic review and meta-analysis

IntroductionAbnormal kinematics have been implicated as one of the major risk factors for lower limb tendinopathy (LLT).ObjectiveTo systematically review evidence for kinematic risk factors for LLT in runners.MethodsIndividual electronic searches in PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science were conducted. Two reviewers screened studies to identify observational studies reporting kinematic risk factors in runners with LLT compared to healthy controls. The Down and Black appraisal scale was applied to assess quality. A meta-analysis was performed provided that at least two studies with similar methodology reported the same factor.ResultsTwenty-eight studies were included: Achilles tendinopathy (AT) (9), iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) (17), plantar fasciopathy (PF) (2), patellar tendinopathy (PT) (1), posterior tibial tendon dysfunction (PTTD) (1). Eighteen studies were rated high-quality and ten medium-quality. The meta-analyses revealed strong evidence of higher peak knee internal rotation, moderate evidence of lower peak rearfoot eversion and knee flexion at heel strike and greater peak hip adduction in runners with ITBS. Very limited evidence revealed higher peak ankle eversion in runners with PF and PTTD or higher peak hip adduction in PT.SignificancePeak rearfoot eversion was the only factor reported in all included LLTs; it is a significant factor in ITBS, PT and PTTD but not in AT and PF. More prospective studies are needed to accurately evaluate the role of kinematic risk factors as a cause of LLT. Taken together, addressing rearfoot kinematic and kinematic chain movements accompanied by peak eversion should be considered in the prevention and management of LLT.     

Anatomie et tendinopathie patellaire : un malentendu

The anatomical structure linking the patella and the tibia is called the “patellar ligament” in the international nomenclature. This term is well accepted yet can be a source of confusion for non-specialists. This is because the priority role of this structure is not to maintain joint stability, the primary role of the cruciate ligaments and the collateral ligaments, but rather to prolong the mechanical action of the quadriceps muscle onto the leg skeleton beyond the “patellar sesmoid”. Patellar tendon injuries are a common observation in sports medicine. The proximal third of the tendon below the patella is most generally involved. This highly frequent tendinopathy sometimes termed an “insertion” tendiopathy. Based on 100 consecutive magnetic resonance imaging studies and cadaveric dissection, we confirm that the insertion of the patellar tendon is situated on the anterior aspect of the patella and not the tip. We describe two anatomical variants of the healthy patellar tendon (type 1 and 2) that should not be confused with a site of tendinopathy. The anatomical limits between tendinous tissue and infrapatellar adipose body (the Hoffa adipose ligament), notably on the upper third is still debated and merits further work.     

肩袖钙化性肌腱炎的关节镜治疗

目的探讨采用关节镜技术治疗肩袖钙化性肌腱炎的适应证、手术技术及其临床效果。方法2008年1月至2011年1月,对15例肩袖钙化性肌腱炎患者均行关节镜下钙化灶清理术,同时行肩峰成形术（13例）,肩袖修补术（9例）。术后进行系统的康复训练°所有患者均在术前及术后随访时采用肩关节功能评分（Constant评分）、视觉模拟评分（VAS）和SST问卷评估其疗效。并记录其关节活动度,手术前后均行肩关节磁共振成像（UPd）检查和肩袖超声°结果对15例患者平均随访9个月．所有患者肩部疼痛和功能障碍消失或明显改善。VAS评分：术前（7．3±1．2）分,术后（2．1±O．7）分：关节活动度：术前前屈（78．7±11．3）°、外展（86．0±13．0）°、外旋（22．0±7．4）°,术后前屈（116．0±14．5）°、外展（113.3±14．0）°、外旋（28．7±7．5）°;Constant评分：术前（45．0±12．8）分,术后（64．0±15．O）分;SST问卷选择回答“是”的问题：术前平均（4．5±1．1）个°术后平均（6．8±1．4）个。治疗前后4项评价的差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）°结论肩关节镜下作钙化灶清除及肩峰成形术．是治疗经保守治疗无效的钙化性肩袖肌腱炎的一种安全、有效的方法,具有损伤小、恢复快等优点。     

Orthopedic pitfalls in the ED: Achilles tendon rupture

Achilles tendon rupture is a relatively uncommon occurrence in a general ED population. The history can be subtle, and physical findings may not be clear-cut. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of these injuries, however, is important to improved clinical outcome. The emergency physician needs to remain vigilant for this diagnosis to avoid this orthopedic pitfall. This review article examines the clinical presentation, diagnostic technique, and management options applicable to the emergency physician in the treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.