腰麻辅助硬膜外麻醉在全子宫切除术中的应用分析

目的:观察腰麻辅助硬膜外麻醉在全子宫切除术中的应用效果。方法:选择328例全子宫切除术病人,随机分为试验组(143例)、对照组(185例),均取L_(1-2)棘突间隙行硬膜外腔穿刺置管,对照组常规用药,试验组另取L_(3-4)棘突间隙行腰麻,观察各组的麻醉效果,术中探查牵拉子宫时病人的反应,血压及心率的变化。结果:试验组的麻醉良好率、肌松情况优于对照组(P<0.01),骶神经阻滞情况试验组完全阻滞,而对照组出现骶神经阻滞不全,首次剂量试验组少于对照组(P<0.01)。牵拉子宫后各组病人血压、心率均较牵拉前下降,且与牵拉前比较有显著差异(P<0.05)。结论:在全子宫切除术中应用腰麻辅助硬膜外麻醉优于单纯硬膜外麻醉,有一定临床应用意义。     

术前选择性血管栓塞减少脊柱转移瘤术中出血

目的:改变脊柱转移瘤治疗长期以来采用的姑息、保守的治疗方法。手术切除脊柱肿瘤后,给予坚强的内固定,辅以术后放化疗,可延长病人的生命,使病人无痛生存,提高了病人的生活质量。但由于脊柱转移瘤切除术中出血异常多,使手术切除肿瘤椎管减压内固定较难进行,为解决这一问题我们于1991年始用下述方法治疗脊柱转移瘤。方法:应用术前选择性脊柱血管栓塞,肿瘤切除椎管减压,内固定器材固定治疗脊柱转移瘤16例,取得了满意的效果。16例病人均为胸腰段转移瘤,均在术前48h行相应脊柱血管,胸段选择相应肋间动脉,腰段选择相应腰动脉进行栓塞,然后行胸段、胸腰段、腰段前路或后路肿瘤切除,椎管减压、内固定术。结果:16例病人术中出血平均900ml,出血量最少者仅600ml,出血量较未行血管栓塞病例明显减少,术野更为清晰、使术者更易操作;术后病人脊髓及神经根受压症状明显减轻,16例脊髓及脊神经根受压症状明显减轻,16例病人中8例脊髓及脊神经受压症状完全解除。结论:术前脊柱血管栓塞,手术切除肿瘤椎管减压内固定明显减少了术中出血、降低了手术风险、缩短了手术时间,是治疗脊柱转移瘤的安全有效的方法。     

Cystic spinal dysraphism of the cervical and upper thoracic region

Background Cystic dysraphic lesions of the cervical and upper thoracic region are rare and only a few series have been published about the topic. These malformations can be divided into categories that include both myelocystoceles and the so-called cervical meningoceles or myelomeningoceles.Methods A retrospective study of 18 patients was conducted.Results In 17 patients a squamous or a cicatricial epithelium of variable thickness covered the dome of the lesions, while the base was covered with full-thickness skin. In one case the skin was entirely normal. Four patients displayed associated CNS malformations and three more had systemic congenital anomalies. All patients underwent surgical exploration and the length of time between birth and surgery ranged from 6 h to 9 months. The most frequent surgical finding, seen in 14 patients, was a stalk connecting the dorsal surface of the spinal cord to the cyst. In three patients the findings were consistent with myelocystocele. Only in one case was a true meningocele found. Hydrocephalus and Chiari II malformation were not as consistently associated as in myelomeningoceles. Neurological signs and symptoms were not so marked as in myelomeningoceles and were found in the follow-up of four patients. In two of them there was a non-progressive deficit, probably expressing an imperceptible involvement of the nervous system in the first year of life. The histopathological findings were of three types: neuroglial stalks, fibrovascular stalks and myelocystoceles.Conclusions Cystic dysraphisms of the cervical and upper thoracic region differ clinically and structurally from meningomyelocele and have a more favorable outcome. We believe that these malformations have not been properly labeled and propose a classification based on the structures found inside the cyst.     

骨髓基质干细胞和神经生长因子悬液移植对脊髓损伤修复的影响

目的研究骨髓基质干细胞(BMSCs)移植联用神经生长因子(NGF)对脊髓损伤修复的治疗作用。方法用改良Allen法制成SD大鼠脊髓损伤动物模型(共32只),1周后分别将DMEM、BMSCs、NGF和BMSCs NGF移植入脊髓损伤部位即制成四组(每组8只),移植1、2个月后分别采用神经核蛋白(NeuN)抗体、胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)抗体和神经丝蛋白(NF)抗体进行免疫荧光染色观察移植的BMSCs的存活及分化情况、损伤部位神经纤维的再生情况。HE染色观察脊髓损伤处空洞面积的改变情况。同时采用BBB运动评分观察大鼠运动功能恢复情况。结果移植1、2个月后,部分移植细胞呈NeuN和GFAP阳性,同时实验组可见明显的神经纤维再生。脊髓损伤处的空洞面积明显减小,差异有显著性意义(P＜0．05),BBB评分结果比对照组均有明显增高,差异有显著性意义(P＜0．05)。在BMSCs NGF组上述改变更加显著。结论BMSCs可在脊髓损伤处分化为神经元和神经胶质细胞,BMSCs和NGF能够减小脊髓损伤处的空洞面积,促进受损轴突的再生和运动功能的恢复,两者联合应用在脊髓损伤修复治疗中具有协同作用。     

选择性括约肌切断术治疗脊髓损伤性膀胱尿道功能障碍

行经尿道选择性括约肌切断术２０例，采用膀胱尿道造影尿流动力学同步检查，定位诊断和选择切断。术前间歇导尿控制尿路感染，术后辅以正确手法排尿。２０例术后随访１２～２５个月。剩余尿量降至３０ｍｌ以下，尿路感染控制，中段尿培养阳性率降至１７．６％；ＢＵＮ正常；１１例肾盂输尿管扩张，积水改善；７例有膀胱输尿管返流者中，４例基本恢复，３例明显减轻；最大尿道闭合压平均下降６．３１ｋＰａ；功能性尿道长度平均缩短１．８９ｃｍ；１１例尿失禁得到控制，６例无明显变化，３例加重。     

Validation of esophageal pressure occlusion test after paralysis

Measurements of respiratory mechanics are frequently made in ventilated infants and children. Esophageal pressure measurements (P_es using a balloon on a catheter have been used to partition the respiratory mechanics into lung and chest wall components. Appropriate positioning of this balloon is crucial to obtain accurate estimates of pleural pressure. Traditionally, in spontaneously breathing subjects the balloon position is assessed with an occlusion test. In ventilated subjects, it is not always possible to perform an occlusion test prior to paralysis, and even if such a test is performed it may not be relevant under conditions of positive pressure ventilation. We have assessed a positive pressure occlusion test that is suitable for paralyzed subjects. By occluding the airway opening and applying gentle pressure to the abdomen or rib cage, positive swings in pressure can be measured by both P_es and airway opening pressure (P_ao). We compared traditional occlusion tests measured in 16 spontaneously breathing puppies to the positive pressure occlusion test performed after paralysis. In 2 pups we were unable to obtain a reasonable traditional occlusion test (>15% difference between P_es and P_ao) but we obtained 10 traditional occlusion tests in each of the remaining 14 pups (2.1–14 kg). In 11 of these animals Ape, was within 10% of P_ao. This compared well to positive pressure occlusion test using abdominal pressure performed after paralysis, where Apes was within 10% of ΔP_ao in 10 animals. In 9 of these pups occlusion tests were also performed by applying pressure on the rib cage, where ΔP_es was within 10% of ΔP_ao in 6 animals. These results suggest that it is possible to perform accurate occlusion tests in paralyzed subjects by abdominal or rib cage compression with the airway occluded. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1994; 17:56–62. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Illness-induced hyperalgesia is mediated by spinal neuropeptides and excitatory amino acids

The spinal cord dorsal horn contains neural mechanisms which can greatly facilitate pain. We have recently shown that ‘illness’-inducing agents, such as intraperitoneally administered lipopolysaccharide (LPS; bacterial endotoxin), can produce prolonged hyperalgesia. This hyperalgesic state is mediated at the level of the spinal cord via activation of the NMDA-nitric oxide cascade. However, prolonged neuronal depolarization is required before such a cascade can occur. The present series of experiments were aimed at identifying spinal neurotransmitters which might be responsible for creating such a depolarized state. These studies show that LPS hyperalgesia is mediated at the level of the spinal cord by substance P, cholecystokinin and excitatory amino acids acting at non-NMDA sites. No apparent role for serotonin or kappa opiate receptors was found.     

小儿中枢神经系统肿瘤71例病理分析

本文分析了1962年至1986年间的71例小儿中枢神经系统肿瘤的病理资料,该病占同期中枢神经系统肿瘤的16.6％。71例中,颅内肿瘤67例,椎管内肿瘤4例。颅内肿瘤中幕上38例,以星形细胞瘤多见,其次为先天性肿瘤。幕下29例以髓母细胞瘤多见,其次为星形细胞瘤。小儿中枢神经系统肿瘤以恶性居多,预后不佳。脑中线是肿瘤的好发区。     

A VIP antagonist distinguishes VIP receptors on spinal cord cells and lymphocytes

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) is a neuropeptide which also interacts with cells of the immune system. The paucity of specific VIP receptor antagonists has hampered studies of possible receptor heterogeneity and of VIP function. To aid in achieving these goals, a new VIP antagonist, a hybrid between neurotensin and VIP, has been synthesized. This peptide interacted with VIP receptors on spinal cord cells with an affinity 10-fold greater than VIP itself. In contrast, 1000-fold higher concentrations of the antagonist were required to displace labeled VIP from its receptor on lymphoid cells as compared to VIP itself, suggesting VIP receptor heterogeneity between immune and spinal cord cells.     

Glycine-like immunoreactivity in synaptic boutons of identified inhibitory interneurons in the mammalian spinal cord

Glycine is thought ti be a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. Two types of physiologically identified interneurons, Renshaw cells and Ia inhibitory interneurons, were intracellularly staind with horseradish peroxidase, and their axon terminals were studied at the electron microscopic level. Post-embedding immunogold procedures weer used to reveal the presence of glycine-like immunoreactivity. The synaptic terminals of both types of interneuron were significantly enriched with glycine-like immunoreactivity, providing support for the idea that glycine is a mediator of synaptic transmission in the recurrent and reciprocal inhibitory pathways to motoneurons.