椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折中期疗效及并发症的临床观察

目的:通过观察球囊扩张后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的疗效及并发症,探讨骨水泥强化后并发椎体再骨折的原因及对策。方法:自2006年3月至2007年3月,对31例骨质疏松性椎体骨折进行单侧经皮穿刺球囊扩张后凸成形术。男11例,女20例;年龄54～91岁,平均81岁。所有病例随访均超过3年。分别在术前、术后即时及术后1,2,3年测量强化椎椎体前缘高度,进行胸腰背疼痛评分(VAS评分),并统计相关并发症。结果:骨水泥强化椎体前缘高度在术前、术后即时及术后1,2,3年分别为(0.9±0.2)、(2.6±0.3)、(2.6±0.2)、(2.5±0.7)、(2.5±0.4)cm。手术后强化椎体高度恢复明显(P0.05);随着时间延长强化椎体前缘高度逐步降低(P0.05)。手术后胸腰背疼痛明显减轻,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);随着时间延长胸腰背疼痛逐年加重,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。至随访末期并发强化椎体不愈合再骨折2例,相邻椎体骨折6例,远位节段椎体骨折2例,相邻椎间隙无症状退变5例。结论:球囊扩张后凸成形术(PKP)治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折早期疗效确实。中期强化椎体高度逐渐降低,疼痛症状不同程度加剧,再骨折比例较高,尤其邻椎退变骨折明显。规范手术适应证、改变灌注材料及减少骨水泥注射量是降低再骨折的有效方法。     

脊髓损伤大鼠胫骨骨痂中降钙素基因相关肽的改变

目的 研究脊髓损伤后大鼠胫骨骨痂中降钙素基因相关肽（ＣＧＲＰ）的变化及骨痂量的改变。方法 将１００只雌性Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠随机分为２组,Ｔ１０－１１脊髓横断＋右胫骨骨折组和单纯右胫骨骨折组各５０只。术后３、７、１４、２１、２８ｄ分批处死,检查血清碱性磷酸酶（ＡＬＰ）,摄右胫骨Ｘ线片行骨痂评分,骨痂行苏木精－伊红（ＨＥ）染色和ＣＧＲＰ免疫组织化学染色。结果 脊髓缶伤组３、７ｄ,ＡＬＰ均显著升高（Ｐ〈０     

颈胸段结核手术治疗方式的选择

目的：探讨颈胸段脊柱结核的手术方式选择,及其临床预后。方法：2007年1月。2012年1月我院共收治21例颈胸段脊柱结核患者,根据胸骨柄上缘和病变节段的关系,15例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合、内固定术。6例患者行一期前路病灶清除、植骨融合,后路植骨融合内固定术。术前神经功能ASIA分级：B级2例,C级4例,D级8例,E级7例。结果：所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间为41．6个月。所有患者在术后1年均获得骨性愈合,无1例发生内固定松动、移位、断裂。颈胸段后凸Cobb＇s角由术前的（30．8±5．7）°改善至末次随访的（10±2．3）°（P〈0．01）;ODI评分由术前的49．7±4．8改善至末次随访的23．1±3．4（P〈0．01）。术后患者的神经功能平均提高了1．6级,末次随访时ASIA分级D级2例,E级19例。结论：对于颈胸段结核,低位颈前入路可以实现病灶的彻底清除。应根据胸骨柄上缘水平切迹线和病变节段的关系,决定具体的个体化固定方式。     

Nrf2基因敲除小鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓内TNF-α及MMP-9的变化

目的 探讨转录因子NF-E2相关因子2(Nrf2)对小鼠脊髓损伤后脊髓内肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)及基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)表达的影响.方法 分别利用野生型Nrf2(+/+)小鼠及Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠制作脊髓钳夹损伤模型.在小鼠脊髓损伤后48 h用干湿比法测定脊髓水肿程度.在脊髓损伤后24 h,用逆转录聚合酶链式反应(RT-PCR)法测定脊髓组织MMP-9 mRNA含量的变化;酶联免疫吸附试验测定脊髓组织中TNF-α及MMP-9蛋白的含量;明胶酶谱法测定脊髓组织中MMP-9的酶活性.用SPSS 16.0软件进行统计学分析.结果 脊髓损伤后48 h,Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠及Nrf2(+/+)小鼠的脊髓均出现明显水肿,但Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠尤为严重(P＜0.05).脊髓损伤后24 h,Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠及Nrf2(+/+)小鼠的脊髓内TNF-α与MMP-9的表达均增加,但Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠尤为显著(P＜0.01).同时,Nrf2(-/-)基因敲除小鼠在脊髓损伤后24 h,脊髓内MMP-9明胶酶活性较Nrf2(+/+)小鼠的损伤组明显增强(P＜0.01).结论 Nrf2在小鼠脊髓损伤后可能是通过减少炎性介质TNF-α及MMP-9的表达,降低MMP-9的明胶酶活性来减轻炎症反应,减轻脊髓水肿程度,起到神经保护的作用.     

甲基强的松龙在胸椎管狭窄症围手术期的应用

目的探讨甲基强的松龙(MP)在胸椎管狭窄症围手术期应用的价值.方法对82例胸椎管狭窄症采用单纯后路胸椎板切除术患者进行回顾性研究.所有患者手术减压前30min给予MP 1000mg冲击.76例减压术后第1日起每日200mg递减,术后第5d停药.术后出现脊髓缺血再灌注(IR)损伤6例,其中3例MP用法同上;另3例术后出现脊髓IR损伤时即刻按NASCIS-Ⅱ方案治疗.结果本组76例术后呈现不同程度的恢复.另6例术后出现脊髓IR损伤,其中术后MP每日200mg递减治疗的3例患者神经功能恢复较慢,1例于术后6个月恢复至正常,2例术后1年随访时肌力恢复满意但肢体仍有麻痛感;采用NASCIS-Ⅱ方案治疗的3例患者中,2例于治疗后48h神经功能基本恢复正常,1例于术后1个月双下肢功能完全恢复正常.发生应激性溃疡1例.结论胸椎管狭窄症手术减压患者围手术期应用MP,具有预防和治疗脊髓继发性损伤的作用.     

后路椎间融合术治疗成人腰椎滑脱的前瞻性研究

目的前瞻性比较采用自体髂骨块和椎间融合器治疗成人腰椎滑脱的效果。方法自1998年2月～2002年2月治疗78例腰椎滑脱患者,所有患者均行椎弓根螺钉固定、后路椎间融合术,根据椎间融合材料的不同,前瞻性将患者随机分为融合器组36例(采用后方斜向单枚椎间融合器)和自体骨组42例(采用自体髂骨块)。男33例,女45例;年龄35～59岁,平均43岁。其中Ⅰ度滑脱29例,Ⅱ度滑脱39例,Ⅲ度滑脱10例。比较两组患者的基本情况、临床效果和影像学结果(融合率和手术节段椎间隙高度的变化)。结果术后随访2年～3年7个月,平均35个月。两组在性别、年龄、滑脱程度、手术时间、失血量以及住院时间上差异无显著性,两组患者均无严重并发症。融合器组优良率为88.8%,自体骨组为83.2%(P=0.99)。术后1年融合器组的融合率为86.1%,自体骨组为83.3%,两组间差异无显著性意义(P=0.87);最终随访时椎间隙高度融合器组平均减少1.7 mm,自体骨组平均减少2.6 mm,两组间差异有非常显著性意义(t=1.38,P< 0.005)。结论采用自体骨为植骨材料者术后椎间隙高度丢失明显增加,但两组之间融合率和临床优良率差异无显著性。椎间融合器和自体髂骨块均可以作为腰椎滑脱后路椎间融合的植骨材料,临床疗效好。     

脊柱内固定术后翻修原因及其治疗对策

目的:分析脊柱内固定翻修的原因并探讨翻修手术策略。方法:对我院自2004年1月～2011年12月收治的行脊柱内固定翻修手术的44例患者资料进行回顾总结,平均随访3年(1～81个月)。翻修原因可分为:(1)内置物相关副损伤,3例;(2)内置物断裂、移位,21例;(3)内置物位置欠佳,3例;(4)内置物丧失作用,1例;(5)内置物残留,1例;(6)内置物邻近节段退变,2例;(7)内置物影响感染控制,12例;(8)血肿致神经压迫,1例。针对不同原因采取相应的翻修策略,对内置物进行了更换或拆除。所有内固定翻修患者采用X线平片、三维CT、MRI进行影像学评价,其中脊髓型颈椎病患者采用改良JOA评分法进行评价,腰椎退变性疾病患者采用Stucki评分法进行评价,脊柱骨折脱位伴脊髓损伤的病例采用ASIA损伤分级进行评价。结果:所有翻修手术均顺利完成,无术中并发症发生。1例脊髓型颈椎病患者首次行前路减压内固定手术后出现血肿压迫脊髓,翻修手术行血肿清除,术后再次出现血肿压迫,造成短暂的神经功能障碍,再次翻修取出内固定物及清除血肿后,患者神经症状恢复。脊髓型颈椎病患者翻修术前JOA评分为17.38分,术后为17.46分,手术前后无明显变化;腰椎退变性疾病患者根据Stucki评分90%的患者对翻修手术满意,90%的患者翻修术后疼痛缓解并对行走功能恢复满意,80%的患者对下肢力量及平衡能力满意;脊柱骨折脱位伴脊髓损伤患者翻修手术后ASIA损伤分级无变化。所有患者翻修后保留或更换的内固定物位置良好,骨融合率100%,感染得到控制。结论:脊柱内固定术后翻修原因较多,选择合理的翻修手术仍可取得较满意结果。应掌握脊柱内固定应用原理,规范操作以避免翻修手术。     

Mini-open thoracoscopically assisted thoracotomy versus video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for anterior release in thoracic scoliosis and kyphosis: a comparison of operative and radiographic results

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Combining anterior release and interbody fusion with posterior instrumented fusion is an accepted treatment for severe rigid spinal deformity. Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and mini-open thoracoscopically assisted thoracotomy (MOTA) are two minimally invasive approaches to the thoracic spine. Both reduce surgical trauma, improve cosmesis and provide effective exposure for release and fusion. Published data and the authors' surgical experience have demonstrated that both techniques are equivalent in degree of release to traditional open thoracotomy, but no comparison between these two minimally invasive alternatives has been published to our knowledge. PURPOSE: This study compared MOTA and VATS under the hypothesis that both result in similar corrections and comparable operative parameters when used in conjunction with posterior instrumented fusion. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: Retrospective chart review of consecutive case series by two surgeons. PATIENT SAMPLE: Twenty-one (13 female, 8 male) patients underwent MOTA and 24 patients (17 female, 7 male) underwent VATS for anterior release, discectomy and fusion prior to posterior instrumented fusion. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were measured at a minimum of 1-year follow-up and included radiographic Cobb measurements and operative parameters. METHODS: The indications for surgery included rigid and severe scoliosis or thoracic kyphosis. Data collection included preoperative demographics, number of levels released, primary curve correction, operative time and blood loss. Data were normalized per number of levels released anteriorly. Statistical analysis of results was done using a two-sample t test assuming equal variances with two-tail p values less than .05. RESULTS: More anterior levels were operated on average in the VATS group (6.33 vs. 4.38 levels). Curve correction per anterior level released was similar in both groups (8.7 and 8.8 degrees/level for MOTA and VATS, respectively). There was a significant difference in operative time with MOTA averaging 131.7 minutes and VATS averaging 162.8 minutes. However, a comparison of the operative time per anterior level operated, approached statistical significance in favor of VATS (33.0 vs. 28.4 minutes, p=.08). There was no significant difference in estimated blood loss during the anterior portion of the surgeries. There was a trend toward decreased blood loss per operated level favoring VATS (68.4 vs. 38.9 cc, p=.09). CONCLUSIONS: Both approaches resulted in corrections that compare favorably with open thoracotomy. We suggest that a factor in choosing between these two minimally invasive techniques is the number of thoracic levels requiring release. For four levels or less, MOTA provides an excellent alternative to standard thoracotomy. For five or more levels, VATS provides for excellent exposure of additional levels with the advantages of less operative time and blood loss per operated level.     

Phlegmasia Cerulea Dolens: Rare Complication of Vena Cava Filter Placement in Man With Paraplegia

Objective: To describe a complication of placement of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter in a man with paraplegia.

Design: Case report.

Participants/Methods: A 48-year-old man with T11 paraplegia secondary to an L1 burst fracture underwent thoracic spinal fusion. The postoperative course was complicated by deep vein thrombosis (DVT) of the right common femoral vein, which was treated with warfarin.

Results: During rehabilitation, the hematocrit declined, and fluctuance was noted along the surgical site. Computed tomographic scan suggested a hematoma in the paraspinal and latissimus dorsi muscles. Warfarin was discontinued, and an IVC filter was placed. He subsequently developed severe leg pain, followed by hypotension, acute renal failure, and compartment syndrome in bilateral lower extremities requiring fasciotomies. Ultrasound and computed tomographic angiogram showed extensive bilateral lower extremity DVTs and pulmonary emboli. The diagnosis of cerulea dolens was made. Mechanical and pharmacological thrombectomy was aborted secondary to bleeding complications and hypotension. The patient died shortly after care was withdrawn at the family's request. The autopsy revealed multiple thrombi in IVC, bilateral pelvic and femoral veins, and left pulmonary artery embolus, consistent with phlegmasia cerulea dolens.

Conclusions: Inferior vena cava filters may prevent pulmonary embolism but do not affect the underlying thrombotic process. An IVC filter should be recognized as a possible thrombogenic nidus in patients with spinal cord injury who have known DVT.     

腰升静脉狭窄致椎管内静脉高压综合征

目的：探讨腰升静脉狭窄致椎管内静脉高压综合征的临床特点及诊治方法。方法：3例患者经选择性脊髓血管造影及经股静脉插管到腰升静脉造影证实狭窄部位后,用MAGIC－B1微导管插入静脉狭窄处,反复充盈不可脱球囊扩张,消除静脉狭窄,恢复腰升静脉的正常血液回流,解除椎管内静脉高压。结果：3例患者经上述治疗后随访1至2年,2例痊愈,1例症状减轻。结论：腰升静脉狭窄是椎管内静脉高压综合征的病因之一,治疗应首选腔内血管扩张成形术。