Analysis of radiation exposure data from common radiological procedures in Dutch hospitals

IntroductionIn the Netherlands, Diagnostic Reference Levels (DRLs) have not been based on a national survey as proposed by ICRP. Instead, local exposure data, expert judgment and the international scientific literature were used as sources. This study investigated whether the current DRLs are reasonable for Dutch radiological practice.MethodsA national project was set up, in which radiography students carried out dose measurements in hospitals supervised by medical physicists. The project ran from 2014 to 2017 and dose values were analysed for a trend over time. In the absence of such a trend, the joint yearly data sets were considered a single data set and were analysed together. In this way the national project mimicked a national survey.ResultsFor six out of eleven radiological procedures enough data was collected for further analysis. In the first step of the analysis no trend was found over time for any of these procedures. In the second step the joint analysis lead to suggestions for five new DRL values that are far below the current ones. The new DRLs are based on the 75 percentile values of the distributions of all dose data per procedure.ConclusionThe results show that the current DRLs are too high for five of the six procedures that have been analysed. For the other five procedures more data needs to be collected. Moreover, the mean weights of the patients are higher than expected. This introduces bias when these are not recorded and the mean weight is assumed to be 77 kg.Implications for practiceThe current checking of doses for compliance with the DRLs needs to be changed. Both the procedure (regarding weights) and the values of the DRLs should be updated.     

膀胱癌的~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像诊断价值研究

目的研究~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像对膀胱癌的诊断价值。方法选取我院核医学科2013年3月-2015年2月收治的34例可疑膀胱癌患者,术前分别采用增强CT和~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像进行诊断,通过参考手术病理结果回顾性分析~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像诊断的效果。结果该34例经手术病理观察均确诊为移行细胞癌,增强CT、~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像诊断准确度分别为91.18%、94.12%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术中共有11例膀胱肿瘤出现盆腔淋巴结或邻近组织转移、浸润,~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像诊断准确度为72.73%,明显高于增强CT(27.27%),具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 ~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像和增强CT均是临床诊断膀胱癌的有效方法,但~(18)F-FDG PETCT显像在观察膀胱肿瘤病灶的转移和对邻近组织的浸润效果较好,对指导临床诊断和了解肿瘤病变具有重要参考价值。     

The management of emergency hospital visits for inflammatory bowel diseases: A French national expert consensus report

BackgroundManagement of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in the emergency department is often suboptimal.AimsTo develop a national consensus checklist of indicators to facilitate decision-making in emergency departments concerning hospitalisation and referral for abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT).MethodsA Delphi survey was used to obtain consensus on a checklist of clinical and biological variables. 119 healthcare professionals experienced in treating IBD were invited to participate. Panellists were provided with a literature survey and invited to agree or disagree with items on a prototype checklist. Two successive rounds of voting were organised.ResultsThe prototype checklist included fifteen clinical or laboratory indicators for hospitalisation or CT. Four indicators were not retained in the Delphi process and four additional indicators added. The final indicators retained were: abdominal signs/symptoms of disease exacerbation, intravenous morphine titration, fever, vomiting, dehydration, recent intestinal surgery, ano-perineal abscess, bowel obstruction, haemodynamic instability, anaemia, acute kidney failure and elevated C-reactive protein. Consensus for the retained indicators was >88%.ConclusionsUse of this consensus checklist for the management of IBD in the emergency department may help improve standards of care and thus reduce the burden of these diseases.     

Current status and challenges of Additive manufacturing in orthopaedics: An overview

Additive manufacturing is a rapidly emerging technology which is being successfully implemented in the various field of medicine as well as in orthopaedics, where it has applications in reducing cartilage defects and treatments of bones. The technology helps through systematic collection of information about the shape of the "defects" and precise fabrication of complex 3D constructs such as cartilage, heart valve, trachea, myocardial bone tissue and blood vessels. In this paper, a large number of the relevant research papers on the additive manufacturing and its application in medical specifically orthopaedics are identified through Scopus had been studied using Bibliometric analysis and application analysis is undertaken. The bibliometric analysis shows that there is an increasing trend in the research reports on additive manufacturing applications in the field of orthopaedics. Discussions are on using technological advancement like scanning techniques and various challenges of the orthopaedic being met by additive manufacturing technology. For patient-specific orthopaedic applications, these techniques incorporate clinical practice and use for effective planning. 3D printed models printed by this technology are accepted for orthopaedic surgery such as revision of lumbar discectomy, pelvic surgery and large scapular osteochondroma. The applications of additive manufacturing in orthopaedics will experience a rapid translation in future. An orthopaedic surgeon can convert need/idea into a reality by using computer-aided design (CAD) software, analysis software to facilitate the manufacturing. Thus, AM provides a comprehensive opportunity to manufacture orthopaedic implantable medical devices.     

肝退变结节的病理学改变及CT、MRI表现

肝细胞肝癌及胆管细胞癌均可在退变结节的基础上发展形成，因此及早、准确的诊断肝退变结节具有积极的临床意义。本文通过分析肝退变结节的CT、MRI表现及病理学改变，以期提高对肝退变结节的诊断水平。     

CT对肾结核的诊断意义探讨

目的探讨肾结核的CT表现，分析CT检查在肾结核诊断中的意义。方法对42例肾结核患者进行CT检查及增强扫描并结合其他临床资料作综合分析。结果CT检查肾内有低密度病灶，空洞形成，多发空洞有特征性改变。结论肾结核的CT表现有一定的特征性，CT检查优于其他方法，在肾结核的诊断中有重要意义。     

经CT测量成年人鼻腔、鼻窦部分骨性结构(附100例病例分析)

对100例慢性鼻窦炎患者的鼻窦CT片进行骨性结构测量,结果示前筛内外径0.79±0.06 cm,后筛内外径1.71±0.08 cm,筛板至鼻底部4.01±0.10 cm,筛顶至鼻底5.18±0.11 cm。该数据与经颅骨测得的数据近似,可以作为鼻窦手术的参考数据。100例慢性鼻窦炎患者中,各鼻腔发病率不等,鼻道窦口复合体发病率(91%)最高,认为与其解剖部位狭窄有关,提示临床医生通过阅CT片掌握鼻腔、鼻窦微细解剖结构的重要性。     

CR、CT、MRI在骨肿瘤诊断中的临床价值

[目的]评价计算机X线摄影（CR）、CT、磁共振成像（MRl）在骨肿瘤诊断中的临床价值。[方法]回顾分析55例经病理证实的影像学资料，其中55例均有CR平片，21例CT扫描，20例做了MRI检查。[结果]55例中51例CR片清晰显示骨质改变，40例CR片清晰显示病灶边界，20例CR片清晰显示骨膜反应，19例CR片清晰显示病灶内有大小不一钙化。21例行CT扫描病例均清晰显示骨质改变、病灶边界、病灶内有大小不一钙化，8例清晰显示骨膜反应。20例做了MRI检查病例均清晰显示病灶边界及软组织肿块，8例显示相应骨髓水肿。[结论]CR片仍为骨肿瘤的首选检查方法，CT较好显示了肿瘤的范围及细微结构，MRI对显示肿瘤的范围、软组织肿块及相应骨髓水肿有明显优势。三者相结合有助于骨肿瘤的诊断。     

螺旋CT多时相扫描鉴别诊断肝细胞癌和血管瘤

目的:探讨螺旋CT多时相扫描对肝细胞癌和血管瘤的鉴别诊断。材料和方法:对37例患者(肝癌16例,血管瘤21例)行螺旋CT平扫和增强扫描,分析其表现。结果:37例平扫均发现低密度灶。肝细胞癌在动脉期75%有显著增强,呈高密度,在门静脉期和延迟期则呈低密度;血管瘤54%动脉期有典型增强表现,门静脉期100%有增强,24%全部填充,延迟期91%为高密度或等密度。结论:肝细胞癌和血管瘤在螺旋CT多时相增强扫描中,各有其典型的CT表现,两者鉴别的关键是门静脉期。