Classification,prevalence and integrated care for neurodevelopmental and child mental health disorders: A brief overview for paediatricians

‘Neurodevelopmental disorders’ comprise a group of congenital or acquired long-term conditions that are attributed to disturbance of the brain and or neuromuscular system and create functional limitations, including autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder, tic disorder/ Tourette’s syndrome, developmental language disorders and intellectual disability. Cerebral palsy and epilepsy are often associated with these conditions within the broader framework of paediatric neurodisability. Co-occurrence with each other and with other mental health disorders including anxiety and mood disorders and behavioural disturbance is often the norm. Together these are referred to as neurodevelopmental, emotional, behavioural, and intellectual disorders (NDEBIDs) in this paper. Varying prevalence rates for NDEBID have been reported in developed countries, up to 15%, based on varying methodologies and definitions. NDEBIDs are commonly managed by either child health paediatricians or child/ adolescent mental health (CAMH) professionals, working within multidisciplinary teams alongside social care, education, allied healthcare practitioners and voluntary sector. Fragmented services are common problems for children and young people with multi-morbidity, and often complicated by sub-threshold diagnoses. Despite repeated reviews, limited consensus among clinicians about classification of the various NDEBIDs may hamper service improvement based upon research. The recently developed “Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental disorder” chapter of the International Classification of Diseases-11 offers a way forward. In this narrative review we search the extant literature and discussed a brief overview of the aetiology and prevalence of NDEBID, enumerate common problems associated with current classification systems and provide recommendations for a more integrated approach to the nosology and clinical care of these related conditions.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者听力学损害研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合症(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)是一种常见的睡眠障碍性疾病,长期的呼吸暂停和低通气可引起不同程度的低氧血症及高碳酸血症,继发组织缺氧,最终导致多器官功能损害,其中包括第8对颅神经-听神经的损害.临床观察中也发现了部分OSAH...     

Diagnostic approach to obstructive sleep apnea in children

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in childhood is a disorder of breathing during sleep characterized by prolonged partial upper airway obstruction and/or intermittent complete obstruction that disrupts normal ventilation during sleep and normal sleep patterns. A spectrum of severity related to the degree of upper airway resistance, to the duration of the disease, to the presence or absence of hypoxemia episodes, and to certain clinical features can be described. Symptomatic children may not fit the criteria for diagnosis established for OSAS in adults; age-specific standards are needed. Both anatomical factors that increase upper airway resistance, e.g. adenotonsillar hypertrophy, and functional processes that decrease upper airway tone, e.g. REM sleep, contribute to the pathogenesis of pediatric OSAS. Sequelae of OSAS in children include neurobehavioural abnormalities, stunting of growth, and cor pulmonale. Both the history and physical examination should target the sleeping child; parents often report loud snoring, difficulty breathing, and obstructive apneas. The gold standard investigation to establish the diagnosis and to quantitate disease severity is overnight polysomnography. Home cardiopulmonary sleep studies have been shown to be an accurate and practical alternative to overnight laboratory polysomnography for routine evaluation of non-complex children with adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Children with documented severe OSAS are at increased post-operative risk for airway compromise and should be observed and monitored carefully. Adenotonsiliectomy is the most common therapy for OSAS in children; as a second-line treatment, the use of nasal CPAP in children with OSAS has been very successful in experienced hands.     

癫痫患者的睡眠障碍

目的：探讨癫痫患者的睡眠障碍。方法：对１０例有睡眠障碍主诉的癫痫病人进行夜间多导生理描记仪（ＰＳＧ）测试,所有病人均在抗痫药物治疗前进行检查。结果：本组病人的ＰＳＧ测试睡眠效率减低,多显示浅睡期延长;２例病人的夜间睡眠障碍与睡眠中周期性肢体活动增多有关;２例与夜间鼾声有关;但均未见呼吸暂停或呼吸不足表现。结论：癫痫患者可伴随不同程度的睡眠障碍,这可能与睡眠中周期性肢体活动,夜间打鼾,痫样放电或抗痫     

Polysomnographically determined sleep and body mass index in patients with insomnia

We assessed associations between polysomnographically determined sleep, especially the amount of slow-wave sleep (SWS), and body mass index (BMI) in patients with insomnia. One hundred and forty-one insomniacs and 55 healthy volunteers completed overnight polysomnographic recordings, and we measured height and body weight. No significant correlations were obtained between total sleep time and BMI among insomniacs. Compared with normal volunteers, insomnia patients exhibited longer sleep latency and shorter total sleep duration. While the two groups had no significant differences in BMI, insomniacs presented with more N1 but less time spend in SWS and rapid eye movement sleep (REMS). Based on their SWS time, we divided insomnia patients into three groups: short (26.99±13.88), intermediate (59.24±8.12), and long (102.21±26.17) SWS groups. The short-SWS group had significantly greater BMI than the long-SWS group. Further analyses with multiple linear regression showed a significant negative correlation between the amount of SWS and BMI scores in insomniacs, whereas no such correlation was found in healthy volunteers after controlling for potential confounds (e.g., age, sex and AHI). Our study suggests that low amounts of SWS may be associated with higher BMI in patients with insomnia.     

中重度OSAHS患者CPAP治疗前后1H-MRS变化的初步研究

目的：用多体素磁共振波谱(1 H-MRS)探讨阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)患者持续正压通气(CPAP)治疗前后的变化。方法对25例进行 CPAP 治疗前后的中重度男性 OSAHS 患者及与其性别、年龄相匹配的25例健康对照者的双侧额叶均行头颅多体素1 H-MRS 检查。分别记录额叶各代谢物比值,比较两两之间的差异,并观察有无乳酸(Lac)峰出现。结果治疗前额叶 NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho(2.0212±0.2312和1.6088±0.2571)较健康对照者(2.7268±0.6071和2.4456±0.4375)减低,治疗后额叶 NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho(2.3140±0.3128和2.0164±0.4240)较治疗前(2.0212±0.2312和1.6088±0.2571)升高,治疗后额叶 NAA/Cr、NAA/Cho(2.3140±0.3128和2.0164±0.4240)较健康对照者(2.7268±0.6071和2.4456±0.4375)减低(P <0.01)。治疗前 Cho/Cr(1.2932±0.2615)较健康对照者(1.1292±0.1577)升高(P <0.05)。3组均未检测到 Lac 峰。结论多体素1 H-MRS 能敏感显示 OSAHS 患者 CPAP 治疗前后脑代谢的改变,提供临床疗效及预后评估的影像学依据。     

早期帕金森病患者多巴胺能药物与夜间睡眠的相关性探讨

目的探索帕金森病（PD）患者多巴胺能药物与夜间主观和客观睡眠之间的关系。方法收集本院2010年10月至2013年6月门诊诊疗的帕金森病患者的人口学特征和疾病信息,所有患者行整夜视频多导睡眠图、完成PD睡眠量表（SCOPA-SLEEP）,采集用药信息,包括服药与就寝时间,转化为左旋多巴当量。结果共有41例男性、20例女性患者纳入研究,中位年龄63．6岁,中位病程5年。经过年龄、性别、疾病严重程度和病程校正,更高的左旋多巴等效剂量（LED4H）与更高的SCOPA-NS（P〈0．05）及入睡后觉醒时间（P〈0．05）相关。更高剂量就寝前多巴胺能药物摄人与快速动眼（REM）睡眠时间百分比减少相关（P〈0．05）。结论就寝前服用更高剂量多巴胺能药物与更少的REM睡眠及更差的睡眠质量相关。尽管PD患者睡眠质量不佳由多种因素引起,但仍建议将睡前服药剂量和时间纳入帕金森病患者管理当中。     

腭咽环扎术后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征上气道形态的研究

目的：探讨腭咽环扎术（VRLP）后阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者的上气道形态特征.方法：应用纤维鼻咽镜和头影测量技术检查了6例VRLP后并发OSAHS患者、6例VRLP后未发生OSAHS和6例未手术腭裂患者的上气道形态,测量了鼻咽腔直径、腭咽环扎处咽腔直径、口咽腔直径、舌根后咽腔直径、下咽腔直径、舌骨至下颌骨的距离等6个相关参数,并应用单因素方差分析进行组间比较.结果：未手术腭裂患者上气道形态光滑,VRLP后上气道在软腭后区和舌根后区出现2处狭窄,VRLP后OSAHS患者上气道鼻咽部明显狭窄变形,为腺样体肥大所致.结论：X线头影测量技术是一种简单实用的评估VRLP后OSAHS的方法,建议VRLP术前行此检查以排除腺样体严重增生患者.     

成年OSAHS患者呼吸紊乱程度与年龄及脑电觉醒反应的相关性分析

目的探讨成年阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停/低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者中呼吸紊乱程度与脑电觉醒反应及年龄增长间的关系。方法对2005年1月~2014年12月入笔者医院神经科睡眠检查室行多导睡眠图监测的阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停/低通气成年患者的睡眠情况进行回顾性分析,共入组621例,年龄>18岁,睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数(apnea-hypopnea index,AHI)≥5次/小时,观察与睡眠呼吸暂停/低通气相关的脑电觉醒指数(arousal index,ARI),采用相关性分析研究脑电觉醒反应与年龄、呼吸事件之间的关系。结果 621例患者,男性445例,女性176例(男∶女为2.53∶1),患者年龄最小19岁,最大84岁,患者平均年龄51.39±12.13岁;最小AHI=5.03,最大AHI=186.53,平均AHI33.84±22.59;最小ARI=0,最大ARI=195.60,平均ARI23.45±25.55;相关性分析ARI、AHI与年龄增长无相关性(P>0.01);ARI与AHI呈线性相关,相关系数为0.421,并且在各年龄组均有显著相关性。结论睡眠呼吸暂停低通气指数对脑电觉醒反应程度有显著影响,呼吸紊乱指数越高,与相关脑电觉醒反应越明显,而年龄增长对呼吸事件相关的脑电觉醒反应没有明确的影响。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者凌晨血压和血液流变学的变化

目的探讨不同程度阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征（OSAHS）患者凌晨血压、血液流变学的变化。方法依据呼吸暂停低通气指数将2006年4月至2007年7月在我科确诊为OSAHS的118例患者分为轻（31例）、中（40例）、重度（47例）3组,同时选择25例健康人作为对照组,记录血氧饱和度〈90％的累积时间占总监测时间的百分比（TS90％）,测定血液流变学及凌晨血压升高值。结果OSAHS重度组出现凌晨血压增高的21例（43％）,中度组的8例（20％）,轻度组1例（3％）;血液流变学各指标值、TS90％值OSAHS组均高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）,中度和重度组高于轻度组（P〈0．05）,重度组显著高于中度组（P〈0．05）;凌晨血压增高组的血液流变学各指标值均明显高于非凌晨血压增高组（P〈0．05）。结论OSAHS患者血液黏稠度、凌晨血压增高比例、TS90％值随阻塞程度增加而升高,血液流变学的变化与凌晨血压增高相关。