Skin vascular response in the hand during sinusoidal exercise in physically trained subjects

The effect of physical training on the cutaneous vascular response during transient exercise load is unclear. We determined the phase response and amplitude response of cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) in the hand during sinusoidal exercise in endurance exercise-trained and untrained subjects. Subjects exercised on a cycle ergometer with a sinusoidal load for 32 min. The load variation ranged from 10% [23 (1) W in the trained group, 19 (1) W in the untrained group] to 60% [137 (4) W, 114 (6) W] of peak O₂ uptake, and five different time periods (1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 min) were selected. Skin blood flow in the dorsal hand and palm were monitored by laser-Doppler flowmetry. CVC was evaluated from the ratio of blood flow to mean arterial pressure. During sinusoidal exercise, the amplitude of CVC was smaller in the dorsal hand than palm for shorter periods (1, 2, and 4 min) (P<0.05). The phase lag of CVC was smaller in the dorsal hand than palm for longer periods (8 and 16 min) (P<0.05). The amplitude response did not differ significantly between the two groups. The phase lag of CVC in the dorsal hand (P<0.05) and palm (P=0.06) was larger in the trained group than untrained group. These findings suggest that glabrous and nonglabrous skin vascular responses in the hand differ during transient exercise load, and physically trained subjects show a slower vascular response in the two skin areas to exercise stimulation than do untrained subjects.     

Neural cell adhesion molecule immunoreactivity in Merkel cells and Merkel cell tumours

We have analysed the expression of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) in normal Merkel cells of pig and human skin, and in nine neuroendocrine carcinomas of the skin (Merkel cell carcinomas). NCAM immunoreactivity was observed in virtually all Merkel cells, both in epidermis and vibrissae of pig snout skin and in human epidermis. Immunostaining surrounded the entire surface of Merkel cells and was not restricted to the contact areas between Merkel cells and nerve terminals. All Merkel cell carcinomas studied were also positive for NCAM. The immunostaining pattern of the tumour cells was similar to that observed in normal Merkel cells; the immunoreactivity was confined to the cell membranes. These results suggest that NCAM may be used as an immunohistochemical marker for both Merkel cells and Merkel cell tumours.     

Imagery Vividness Affects Habituation Rate

In order to investigate the effect of individual differences in imagery vividness on habituation rate, 14 subjects were threatened with receiving and then imagined receiving an electric shock. Subjects first habituated to a tone which was then used as an auditory signal for the shock threat and the imagined shock. The skin conductance response (SCR) was used to follow the course of habituation. Results demonstrated that subjects with non-vivid imagery habituated to the tone more rapidly than subjects with vivid imagery when the tone was associated with imagining an electric shock. Implications of this finding for therapeutic techniques using instructed imagery are discussed.     

Skin deposits in hereditary cystatin C amyloidosis

Summary Clinically normal skin from 47 individuals aged 9–70 years was investigated. Cystatin C amyloid deposits were found in various locations of the skin by light and/or electron microscopy, in all 12 patients with a clinical history of hereditary cystatin C amyloidosis (HCCA). Six asymptomatic individuals, who had the Alu 1 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) marker reported to cosegregate with the disease, also had cystatin C amyloid deposits in the skin. Three asymptomatic individuals (age 17–46) belonging to the HCCA families were without amyloid in the skin but had Alu 1 RFLP marker. Skin from 12 individuals who served as controls and skin from 14 close relatives of the patients was negative for amyloid. Punch biopsy of the skin is a simple procedure which is of value for the diagnosis of HCCA, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms. This method might also be of use in following progression of the disease.     

CORRELATION OF SKIN POTENTIAL AND SKIN RESISTANCE MEASURES

Simultaneous measurements of skin potential (SP) and skin resistance (SR) obtained from 20 male and 20 female adult subjects during 2 sessions held 2 to 9 days apart were used in studying (1) the correlation of change measurements and prestimulus level in the two measures, and (2) the amount of correlation between SP and SR using both simple difference and residual change scores in which the regression of poststimulus values on initial level (prestimulus) has been controlled. Correlations within Ss and correlations among Ss showed large individual variability, correlation differences between males and females, and high correlation between SP and SR change scores. Although the law of initial value (LIV) seemed to have little applicability to the measurement of electrodermal responses, the results underscored the need to control for contamination of change measures by initial level regardless of direction.     

Impedance-gradient electrode reduces skin irritation induced by transthoracic defibrillation

A new type of disposable external defibrillation electrode has been developed to reduce the skin irritation commonly associated with defibrillation and synchronised cardioversion. This design employs an impedance gradient to reduce the proportion of current delivered to the electrode periphery. The temperature distribution under the new electrode was compared with that of four other types of commercially available electrodes after repeated high-energy biphasic defibrillation discharges to domestic swine. Skin temperature distributions were acquired using non-invasive thermography. Measurements of the maximum temperature rise at each electrode site, taken 3.6s after the fifth defibrillation discharge, demonstrated that the new impedance-gradient electrode produced 50–60% less skin heating than two of the three uniform-impedance electrode designs. Histological examination of erythematous sites excised 24h after defibrillation quantified the associated skin damage using a scoring protocol developed for this study. In contrast to previous studies, histological examinations demonstrated second-degree skin burns following defibrillation. The new electrode design, however, induced 44–46% less skin damage than two of the traditional uniform-impedance electrodes.     

The functional anatomy of the human anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains

The anterior talofibular ligament is the most commonly injured ligament in the ankle. Despite considerable interest in the clinical outcome of treatment protocols, we do not know whether the distinctive pattern of localization of the injuries relates to regional differences in the structure and molecular composition of the ligament. To address this issue, ligaments were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. Differences in the structure of its two attachments (i.e. entheses) were evaluated with quantitative, morphometric techniques, and regional differences in the distribution of collagens, glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans were determined qualitatively by immunolabelling. Morphometric analyses showed that bone density was less at the fibular attachment, but that enthesis fibrocartilage was more prominent. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of a fibrocartilage (containing type II collagen and aggrecan) at the site where the ligament wraps around the lateral talar articular cartilage in a plantarflexed and inverted foot: the fibrocartilage is regarded as an adaptation to resisting compression. We propose that avulsion fractures are less common at the talar end of the ligament because (1) bone density is greater here than at the fibular enthesis, and (2) stress is dissipated away from the talar enthesis by the 'wrap-around' fibrocartilaginous character of the ligament near the talar articular facet.     

Alopecia universalis as a single abnormality in an inbred Pakistani kindred

A Pakistani kindred comprising 5 generations contained 9 males and 4 females with alopecia universalis as a single abnormality without any associated defects. The skin biopsy from the scalp showed hair follicles without hair. Analysis of the pedigree is strongly suggestive of autosomal recessive inheritance, and consanguineous loops could account for all affected persons being homozygous for the abnormal allele. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.