双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗对肺炎支原体肺炎腹泻患儿胃肠炎症的调节作用

目的观察双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗对肺炎支原体肺炎腹泻患儿胃肠炎症的调节作用。 方法将肺炎支原体肺炎伴腹泻的患儿106例均分为对照组和观察组。对照组采用阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗,观察组在对照组基础上给予双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊治疗。比较两组疗效和肠道菌群失调发生率。比较两组胃肠激素、降钙素原(PCT)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、中性粒细胞百分比(NEUT%)、嗜酸性粒细胞计数(EOS)水平。 结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P＜0.05)。治疗后,两组胃肠激素和PCT、CRP、NEUT%、EOS较治疗前下降(P＜0.05),且观察组低于对照组(P＜0.05)。观察组肠道菌群失调发生率低于对照组(P＜0.05)。 结论双歧杆菌三联活菌肠溶胶囊联合阿奇霉素序贯疗法治疗可减轻肺炎支原体并腹泻肺炎患儿炎症反应,调节胃肠激素,降低患儿肠道菌群失调的发生。     

对抗牵引整复肩关节前脱位的体会

1999年来采用椅背整复法(观察组)治疗的肩关节前脱位38例，与同期采用手牵足蹬法(对照组)治疗的肩关节前脱位40例比较，现报告如下。     

The coracoacromial arch: MR evaluation and correlation with rotator cuff pathology

The relative prevalence of various acromial shapes, appearance of the coracoacromial ligament and enthesophytes along the inferior aspect of the acromioclavicular joint in patients with and without rotator cuff tears were evaluated. Of 76 patients with clinical instability and impingement, 31 had a normal rotator cuff and 45 demonstrated a partial or full tear of the supraspinatus tendon at surgery. Results were compared with those from magnetic resonance (MR) scans of 57 asymptomatic volunteers. Of the 45 patients with a supraspinatus tear, 38% (17) had a flat acromial undersurface (type I), 40% (18) had a concave acromial undersurface (type II), 18% (8) had an anteriorly hooked acromion (type III), and 4% (2) had an inferiorly convex acromion (type IV). Among the 31 patients with a normal rotator cuff at surgery and the 57 asymptomatic volunteers, the respective prevalences of the type I acromion were 39% (12) and 44% (25), of type II 48% (15) and 35% (20), type III 3% (1) and 12% (7), and type IV 10% (3) and 9% (5). Shoulders with surgically proven rotator cuff tears showed a tendential association with a type III acromion (8/45) and statistically significant associations with a thickened coracoacromial ligament (17/45) and acromioclavicular enthesophytes (18/45). For the association between inferiorly directed acromioclavicular joint enthesophytes and rotator cuff tears, age appears to be a confounding factor. The type IV acromion, newly classified by this study, does not have a recognizable association with rotator cuff tears. Assessment of the osseous-ligamentous coracoacromial outlet by may prove helpful to the orthopedic surgeon in patients for whom surgical decompression is contemplated.     

Arthroscopic assessment of the unstable shoulder

The purpose of this study was to evaluate prospectively the findings during shoulder arthroscopy in patients with recurrent anterior instability of the gleno-humeral joint. One hundred and seventy-eight patietns who fulfilled the criteria of having had at least one documented shoulder dislocation were included in the study. The pathological findings most frequently noted at arthroscopy were: anterior glenoid labral tears (85%), ventral capsule insufficiency (80%), Hill-Sachs compression fractures (67%), glenohumeral ligament insufficiency (55%), rotator cuff tears (20%), posterior glenoid labral tears (8%), and SLAP lesions (5%). Abnormalities were noted more frequently than expected, and there were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative diagnoses. Our study has taught us that a mulitplicity of morphological changes are associated with instability of the glenohumeral joint, and that there is no single cause. The labrum and rim of the anterior inferior glenoid, for instance, showed typical abnormalities corresponding to different entities of anterior instability. In practice, this is very important, as the abnormalities visualized by imaging methods determine the surgical treatment.     

Distribution of normal and abnormal fluid collections in the glenohumeral joint: Implications for MR arthrography

Although magnetic resonance (MR) images of the glenohumeral joint frequently demonstrate intraarticular fluid, no specific criteria have, to the authors' knowledge, been published that allow accurate assessment of the amount of fluid present. Also, despite the increasing use of MR arthrography of the shoulder, the optimal amount of intra-articular fluid that should be used with this technique has not been determined. The authors progressively distended the glenohumeral joint in six cadaveric shoulder specimens with a dilute gadopentetate dimeglumine solution and obtained MR images after injection of 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mL of the solution. The pattern of fluid distribution was evaluated, and these results were then used to estimate the amount of fluid that was present in the glenohumeral joint on MR images of 20 shoulders obtained in 12 asymptomatic volunteers. In 14 of these shoulders, intraarticular fluid was present; however, in none was more than 2 mL evident. Results of the cadaveric study also indicated that 15 mL of intraarticular fluid appears to be the optimal amount for MR arthrography.     

Scapular fractures and concomitant injuries

Objective: The association of scapular fractures with other life-threatening injuries including blunt thoracic aortic injury is widely recognized.Few studies have investigated this presumed association...     

俯位改良Hippocrates法整复肩关节脱位

目的:探讨肩关节前脱位复位方法,评价俯位改良Hippocrates法治疗效果。方法:1998年2月至2011年4月,应用俯位改良Hippocrates法整复肩关节前脱位1028例,男689例,女339例;年龄11～86岁,平均38.3岁;其中32例曾因Hippocrates法复位失败;86例合并肱骨大结节撕脱性骨折。复位方法:患者取俯卧位,术者立于患侧,双手握患侧腕部,足蹬于患侧腋下(左侧脱位用右足,右侧脱位用左足),另一足立地支撑;复位时,双手持缓用力牵引腕部约半分钟,足蹬腋下加以对抗,并且逐渐由畸形位置变为外展、外旋及后伸位;牵引同时发挥足跟的杠杆支点作用进行收展时轻轻摇晃患肢并内旋外旋进行复位。结果:1027例患者1次复位成功,平均复位时间50s;1例因合并肱骨外科颈骨折后行手术治愈。86例合并肱骨大结节撕脱性骨折中84例达到解剖复位或近解剖复位,2例较大骨片者复位后不稳定,行经皮克氏针内固定痊愈。按Neer评分:优1012例,良15例。结论:俯位改良Hippocrates法整复肩关节脱位成功率高,复位时不需麻醉,患者痛苦少,费用低,复位时间短,易掌握值得广泛应用。     

Clinical and structural results of partial supraspinatus tears treated by subacromial decompression without repair

Patients with primary impingement and articular sided partial tears of the supraspinatus are often treated by subacromial decompression without repair, if the extent of the tear is estimated to be below 50% of tendon thickness. It has been questioned whether repair of these cuff lesions is necessary, because these tears could progress to full thickness tears with deteriorating clinical results. Our hypothesis was that subacromial decompression without repair of the supraspinatus tendon leads to significant clinical improvement for patients with grade I and II articular sided tears without progression to a full thickness tear on a regular basis. 46 consecutive patients (av. Age 59.2 years, range 33–76.6 years) were retrospectively reviewed after an average follow up of 50.3 months (36–86 months). 26 patients (43.5%) had a grade I tear according to Ellman, which was left alone, 20 patients suffered from a grade II tear, which was debrided. Clinical outcome was assessed with the ASES Score and ultrasound evaluation was performed on all patients to detect possible progression to a full thickness tear. The average ASES Score significantly improved from 37.4 to 86.6 points (p < 0.0001). The mean postoperative Constant Score was 87.6 points. Only three patients (6.5%) progressed to a full thickness tear detectable on ultrasound examination. Only one of these patients had a poor result with an ASES Score of 35 points, the other two were very satisfied and had an ASES score above 90 points. 8 patients showed no more signs of partial tearing on ultrasound and these patients had an average ASES Score of 93.1 points. Overall clinical outcome was rated excellent in 35 cases (76.1%), good in 5 (10.9%), average in 2 (4.3%) and poor in 4 (8.7%). Our results indicate that good and excellent results can be achieved mid- to long term by acromioplasty without repair of the rotator cuff in articular sided partial tears grade I and II. These results reach almost 95% of the value of a healthy shoulder. A better result on ultrasound examination was associated with a superior clinical outcome, while progression to a full thickness tear was rare.     

CT双重对比关节造影术在诊断复发性肩关节前脱位中的作用

目的：探讨CT双重对比关节造影术（CT double-contrast arthrography,CTA）在诊断复发性肩关节前脱位中的作用．评价其敏感性和准确性。方法：自1990年3月～2003年5月共治疗31例复发性肩关节前脱位患者．男23例．女8例；年龄22～46岁，平均26.7岁。术前均行CTA检查，并将检查结果与关节镜或开放手术所见进行比较。结果：盂唇和关节囊韧带复合体的损伤是复发性肩关节前脱位最常见的病理变化，手术发现31例中28例有关节盂唇病变，CTA发现26例(敏感度为92.8％，准确率为93.5％)，表现为孟唇撕裂、分离和退变；术中发现20例有关节囊病变，CTA发现19例(敏感度为95％．准确率为87．1％)，表现为关节囊肩盂起点的内移、剥脱，肩胛骨边缘的软组织撕裂或消失；7例(4例经手术证实)肩胛下肌及其肌腱的异常，表现为撕裂、变薄及不规则；15例Hill-Sachs缺损，全部与手术所见一致。CTA的总诊断准确率为83.8％。结论：CTA可全面准确地显示出复发性肩关节前脱位的病理改变，从而指导治疗方案的选择。     

Ultrasonography of symptomatic rotator cuff tears compared with MR imaging and surgery

Purpose

To compare the accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of rotator cuff tears.

Materials and methods

Ninety-six patients with clinically suspected rotator cuff pathology underwent ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging of the shoulder. The findings in 88 patients were compared with arthroscopy or open surgery.

Results

Full-thickness tear was confirmed in 57 cases, partial-thickness tear in 30 cases and degenerative changes without tear in 1. In all 57 cases of full-thickness tear and in 28 out of 30 cases of partial-thickness tear the supraspinatus tendon was involved. The accuracy in the detection of full-thickness tears was 98 and 100% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. The accuracy in the detection of bursal or articular partial-thickness tears was 87 and 90% for ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging, respectively.

Conclusions

In experienced hands ultrasonography should be considered as an accurate modality for the initial investigation of rotator cuff, especially supraspinatus, tears.