Automated patient-specific classification of long-term Electroencephalography

This paper presents a novel systematic approach for patient-specific classification of long-term Electroencephalography (EEG). The goal is to extract the seizure sections with a high accuracy to ease the Neurologist’s burden of inspecting such long-term EEG data. We aim to achieve this using the minimum feedback from the Neurologist. To accomplish this, we use the majority of the state-of-the-art features proposed in this domain for evolving a collective network of binary classifiers (CNBC) using multi-dimensional particle swarm optimization (MD PSO). Multiple CNBCs are then used to form a CNBC ensemble (CNBC-E), which aggregates epileptic seizure frames from the classification map of each CNBC in order to maximize the sensitivity rate. Finally, a morphological filter forms the final epileptic segments while filtering out the outliers in the form of classification noise. The proposed system is fully generic, which does not require any a priori information about the patient such as the list of relevant EEG channels. The results of the classification experiments, which are performed over the benchmark CHB-MIT scalp long-term EEG database show that the proposed system can achieve all the aforementioned objectives and exhibits a significantly superior performance compared to several other state-of-the-art methods. Using a limited training dataset that is formed by less than 2 min of seizure and 24 min of non-seizure data on the average taken from the early 25% section of the EEG record of each patient, the proposed system establishes an average sensitivity rate above 89% along with an average specificity rate above 93% over the test set.     

New-Onset Seizures in Patients With COVID-19: A Case Series From a Single Public Hospital in Korea

Seizure is an uncommon complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The frequency and characteristics of new-onset seizures in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 were investigated. Of a total of 1,487 patients with confirmed COVID-19, six (0.4%) developed new-onset seizures. All six had severe or critical COVID-19 requiring intensive care and mechanical ventilation or high-flow oxygen therapy. Among COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (n = 169), the incidence of new-onset seizures was 3.6%. Underlying structural lesions (acute infarction and remote hemorrhage), hypoxia, sepsis, and metabolic derangements were associated with the development of seizures. Of the six patients, three patients died, and, at the time of discharge, one patient had a severe disability, while the remaining two were well recovered.     

川芎嗪对发育期大鼠惊厥性脑损伤海马ATP酶与脑含水量变化的影响

目的观察发育期大鼠反复惊厥后海马ATP酶与脑含水量的动态变化及川芎嗪干预对其的影响。方法162只20日龄健康sD大鼠随机分为3组：对照组、惊厥组及川芎嗪干预组。通过三氟乙醚反复吸入（连续6次，每天1次）制作发育期大鼠惊厥动物模型。取海马组织匀浆，检测各组动物反复惊厥后6h、1d、3d、7d海马组织中Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca2^＋-ATP酶的活性变化，同时观察脑含水量变化和光镜下海马区神经元病理改变。结果反复惊厥后6h、1d、3d海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性均较对照组显著降低（P＜0．01），伴随脑含水量显著升高（P＜0．01），第7天三者与对照组相比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0、05）。脑含水量变化与海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性变化均呈显著负相关（前者r=-0．711，后者r=-0．673，P均＜0．01）。川芎嗪干预组海马神经元水肿、变性坏死明显减轻，各时间点Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性较惊厥组显著升高（P＜0．05或P＜0、01），脑含水量显著降低（P＜0．01）。结论Na^＋K^＋ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性降低与惊厥性脑水肿和海马神经元迟发性损害密切相关，川芎嗪对发育期惊厥性脑损伤的保护作用可能与提高海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性有关。     

Fatal outcome of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in a lupus nephropathy patient: A case report

Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome is a rare underestimated condition, that generally complicates a rise in blood pressure in an acute setting. This entity has been increasingly identified in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus disease. PRES is challenging to diagnose seeing as it presents with nonspecific neurological symptoms, such as head-aches, confusion, seizures, visual changes or a coma, and can mimic neuropsychiatric lupus. Imaging plays a necessary role in confirming this diagnosis, as it is characterized by vasogenic edema of the posterior white matter, in which the distribution is bilateral and symmetrical. Although this syndrome is rare, early diagnosis allows a prompt treatment and therefore a favorable outcome. We present a case report of PRES in a 14-year-old female previously diagnosed with lupus nephropathy, who presented to the emergency department with seizures and uncontrolled hypertension, that was unfortunately not reversible is this patient.     

热性惊厥伴部分性发作患者的临床特征分析

目的: 探讨我国部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症患者临床特点及归类分析.方法: 分析诊断部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症患者及其相关家属的临床资料.通过门诊就诊、个人访视、电话等方式收集总结其临床资料,包括临床表现、发病规律、脑电图、影像学资料以及治疗转归情况.结果: 选取的29例患者中,19例有家族史.临床表现为有热性惊厥史,均有部分性发作表现,以复杂部分性发作为主,全面性发作均为强直阵挛发作,1例同时有可疑失神发作,无肌阵挛,强直及失张力发作.16例患者行影像学检查有4例一侧海马萎缩.26例患者接受脑电图检查,16例有局限性癫痫样放电或慢波增多,9例有全面性异常放电,1例基本正常.治疗以卡马西平类效果欠佳,丙戊酸类、托吡酯效果好,对难治性患者,联合氯硝安定效果较好.结论: 部分性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症可能为全面性癫痫伴热性惊厥附加症(GEFS )另一引申亚型,其发病机理可能与GEFS 相似,为离子通道病,其治疗不同于一般的部分性发作.     

217例脑膜瘤术后生存质量分析

目的 分析脑膜瘤患者术后影响生存质量的因素。为全面评估手术疗效提供依据。方法 回顾分析了近10年住院行脑膜瘤切除术患者的临床资料，影像学检查，手术切除程度，组织学特征及术后转归，随访从3个月-60个月，数据经计算机统计分析。结果 217例患者共行243次开颅手术；良性183例（84.3%)。非典型性20例（9.2%)。恶性14例（6.5%)；术后22例复发(10.1%)；术前47例，术后31例癫痫发作；术后44例并发神经功能缺失，其中偏瘫34（15.7%)。5例颅内出血均在术后死亡。结论 影响生存质量的主要因素包括术前癫痫发作，肿瘤大小，位置，形状，手术切除程度，组织学特征，术后偏瘫等并发症，肿瘤复发。加强和提高止血技能；提倡“不触及脑”原则；警惕瘤周静脉重要结构可减少癫痫发作发生率；术前影像分析，术中肿瘤范围识别（多中心性，脑浸润性，骨侵蚀性）及术后病理形态的观察。动态CT扫描随访能减少肿瘤的复发及提高患者生存质量。     

视频脑电图监测对癫痫的诊断价值

目的探讨视频脑电图(Video-EEG)对癫痫的诊断价值.方法对252例发作性疾病患者进行连续12～24小时监测,其中包括清醒、睡眠及诱发试验,分析临床发作和异常放电的关系,异常放电出现的时相,癫痫分型与异常放电的关系,临床发作前脑电图的改变以及临床发作间期和发作期异常脑电图的不同表现.结果252例监测到临床发作142例,其中同时伴异常放电者为111例;252例检出异常放电187例,其中出现于睡眠期者146例;确诊的111例中103例确定了发作类型,其中25例修正了发作类型;确诊的111例监测到发作前脑电图的异常改变,表现为背景脑电波频率和波幅的改变,或者出现痫样放电;111例不同发作类型癫痫患者发作间期和发作期有不同的异常脑电图表现.结论视频脑电图可提高痫样放电的检出率,有助于癫痫的诊断及分型,有利于观察癫痫患者发作间期及发作期脑电图的表现.     

红藻氨酸致痫后大鼠海马ERK、P38 MAPK和JNK的活性变化

目的研究红藻氨酸(KA)诱导大鼠癫痫发作后海马组织细胞外调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、p38MAPK和c-jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)的活性(磷酸化状态)的变化情况。方法立体定向大鼠侧脑室内注射KA引起大鼠癫痫发作,采用Western-blot方法观察KA致痫后大鼠海马中活性ERK、p38MAPK和JNK的变化。结果KA诱导大鼠癫痫发作后,海马组织ERK、p38MAPK和JNK的磷酸化水平开始增高,分别于30min、1h和30min后达高峰,呈对照组的4.76倍、2.16倍和3.95倍,两组比较差异具有显著性(P<0.01),之后逐渐下降。结论KA致痫大鼠癫痫发作后,海马组织MAPKs的活性产生变化,其信号通路可能参与癫痫发作后海马组织的病理生理反应过程。