Topological changes of the human autonomic cardiac nervous system in individuals with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery: two case reports and a brief review

The topological changes of the human autonomic cardiac nervous system in two cadavers with a retroesophageal right subclavian artery (Rersa) were compared with the normal autonomic cardiac nervous system. The following new results were obtained in addition to the conventional deficient finding of the right recurrent laryngeal nerve. (1) Right superior cardiac nerves arising from the superior cervical ganglion were consistently observed in both cadavers, in addition to the right thoracic cardiac nerves along the Rersa. (2) A segmental accompanying tendency of the right cardiac nerves was recognized: the cardiac nerves arising from the sympathetic trunk cranial to the middle cervical ganglia ran along with the right common carotid artery, whereas the cardiac nerves arising from the sympathetic trunk caudal to the vertebral ganglion ran along the Rersa. (3) The right thoracic cardiac nerves, which have never been observed to accompany the normal right subclavian artery, ran along the proximal part of the Rersa. According to previous reports of individuals with the Rersa, a thick right thoracic cardiac nerve is commonly observed instead of a right superior cardiac nerve. However, all the cardiac nerves were recognized in both the individuals described in the present report. Therefore, we strongly disagree with the previous idea that the origin of the right cardiac nerves from the sympathetic trunk and ganglia is shifted caudally in individuals with the Rersa. The topological changes of the autonomic cardiac nervous system in two cases of Rersa also reflected spatial changes of great arteries.     

内窥镜下第三脑室手术的应用解剖

目的 :为神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室手术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对 2 1例成人尸头固定标本进行第三脑室的解剖观察和测量 ,对 9具新鲜尸头进行经室间孔入路神经内窥镜下第三脑室的解剖学观察。结果 :室间孔长径、宽径为 (5 .4± 1.2 )mm、(2 .7± 0 .9)mm ,中间块长径、宽径为 (6.8± 2 .3 )mm、(3 .8± 1.0 )mm ,前后联合间距 (2 1.8± 2 .1)mm ,前、后联合到中间块为 (6.3± 0 .8)mm、(8.8± 1.3 )mm ,前后联合中点处第三脑室高度 (13 .8± 1.4)mm ,室间孔下、后联合前及中间块上、下第三脑室宽度分别为 (6.3±2 .2 )mm、(4 .9± 1.8)mm、(3 .4± 1.6)mm和 (4 .3± 1.8)mm ,中间块上、下最小高度为 (4 .4± 1.3 )mm和(4 .3± 1.3 )mm。内窥镜可较清晰显示第三脑室内结构 ,但中间块可影响显露。结论 :内窥镜下经室间孔入路进行第三脑室手术有一个理想的操作空间。     

The Etruscan skulls of the Rostock anatomical collection — How do they compare with the skeletal findings of the first thousand years B.C.?

Seven Etruscan skulls were found in Corneto Tarquinia in the years 1881 and 1882 and were given as present to Rostock's anatomical collection in 1882. The origin of the Etruscans who were contemporary with the Celts is not yet clear; according to Herodotus they had emigrated from Lydia in Asia Minor to Italy. To fit the Etruscan skulls into an ethnological grid they were compared with skeletal remains of the first thousand years B.C. E. All skulls were found to be male; their age ranged from 20 to 60 years, with an average age of about thirty. A comparison of the median sagittal outlines of the Etruscan skulls and the contemporary Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria showed that the former were shorter and lower. Maximum skull length, minimum frontal breadth, ear bregma height, bizygomatical breadth and orbital breadth of the Etruscan skulls were statistically significantly less developed compared to Hallstatt-Celtics from North Bavaria. In comparison to other contemporary skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls had no similarities in common with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from North Bavaria and Baden-Württemberg but rather with Hallstatt-Celtic skulls from Hallstatt in Austria. Compared to chronologically adjacent skeletal remains the Etruscan skulls did not show similarities with Early Bronze Age skulls from Moravia but with Latène-Celtic skulls from Manching in South Bavaria. Due to the similarities of the Etruscan skulls with some Celtic skulls from South Bavaria and Austria, it seems more likely that the Etruscans were original inhabitants of Etruria than immigrants.     

Arterial supply of the temporo-medial region of the brain significance for preoperative vascular occlusion testing

The mesiobasal limbic system is of particular significance in the surgical treatment of temporo-medial tumors and epilepsy. It consists of the uncus, amygdaloid body, hippocampus, dentate gyrus, subiculum, fasciolar gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Knowledge of the vascular microanatomy is a key to the surgical treatment of pathologies in the region. The anterior choroidal artery was selectively injected in fresh brain specimens 50 specimens with a gelatinous ink mixture to demonstrate vascular territories in stereotactic brain slices, and 50 with a Biodur resin to obtain casts for microanatomical evaluation. The cast technique was also applied to 35 specimens injected into the posterior cerebral artery. The rostral third of the temporomedial region is mainly supplied by branches of the anterior choroidal artery. The occipital two thirds are supplied by hippocampal branches, the posteromedial choroidal artery and the inferior temporal branches of the posterior cerebral artery. Important vessel variations with significant implications for the preoperative Wada-test are presented     

肩锁关节及关节盘的相关解剖学特征

背景:目前临床上多数认为,肩部疾病如肩锁关节脱位、肩峰下撞击综合征等与肩锁关节的解剖形态有很大的关系,但国内外文献很少有关于肩锁关节的形态学数据支持,特别对于肩锁关节关节盘的解剖学研究。同时肩锁关节属于微动关节,参与肩关节的联合运动,现临床上有关肩锁关节脱位的手术方式繁多,较流行的手术方式多为刚性固定,并未保留其微动特点以及锁骨和肩胛骨的运动特点,其中关节盘的取舍目前国内外并无大样本多中心对照研究。目的:对肩锁关节及关节盘行相关解剖学研究,用于更好地指导肩部疾病的诊治。方法:对58具肩锁关节尸体标本(同济大学解剖教研室提供)进行形态学及组织结构研究,共获得58个肩峰、58个锁骨和36个关节盘(包括完全型和不完全型)。采用BIGLIANI肩峰形态分型、DEPALMA锁骨形态分型、EMURA肩锁关节盘分型,获得各肩峰与锁骨组合下关节盘出现的频率并行苏木精-伊红染色(上海市普陀区人民医院提供)。结果与结论:①在58个肩锁关节尸体中,肩锁关节盘type1型共15例,所占比例最高,为25.9%;type3a型共4例,所占比例最少,为6.9%。②Ⅰ型肩峰32个,所占比例最高,为55.2%;Ⅲ型肩峰3个,所占比例最低,为5.2%。③Ⅰ型锁骨27个,所占比例最高,为46.6%;Ⅲ型锁骨9个,所占比例最低,为15.5%。④以Ⅰ型及Ⅱ型肩峰与Ⅰ型锁骨组合所占比例较大,分别为24.1%和22.4%,以Ⅲ型肩峰对Ⅰ型锁骨所占比例最小,为0%。⑤而在Ⅰ型肩峰与Ⅰ型锁骨组合下type1型和type2b型关节盘所占比例最大,分别为35.7%和28.6%;Ⅱ型肩峰与Ⅰ型锁骨组合下type2a型和type1型关节盘所占比例最大,分别为38.5%和23.1%。⑥苏木精-伊红染色在组织切片中可以发现,关节盘中的细胞外基质清晰可辨,细胞形态饱满,含有丰富的细胞质,提示为软骨细胞,即形成纤维软骨的主要成分。此外,从关节囊顶端和底端两侧可见部分骨膜纤维层移行至关节盘内侧,考虑共同组成关节盘结构,即关节盘由近骨面的软骨细胞及远离骨面的纤维层共同构成。     

眼外肌薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的 提供首例中国女性可视化人体有关眼外肌的形态学信息，为眼外肌病的影像学识别与诊断提供薄层解剖学依据。方法 应用首例中国女性数字化可视人体数据集，提取眶区的横断面图像，与相应的MRI轴位图像对照观察。结果在人体横断面标本与相应的MRI轴位图像上，清楚显示眼外肌的形态及毗邻关系。结论采用可视人技术能为临床提供眶内精细结构断面数据，断面图像与MRI图像之间有良好的对应关系。     

颞骨岩部结构的定位解剖及临床意义

目的:为颅底手术中耳蜗的定位、岩尖的磨除范围提供解剖学方法。方法:在12个成人头颅标本上利用颅中窝入路暴露岩内面神经、耳蜗、颈内动脉等结构。观测岩内膝状神经节、颈内动脉(internalcarotidartery,ICA)的膝部、内耳道内侧缘、棘孔与耳蜗之间的解剖关系。结果:耳蜗位于面神经膝状神经节的前下方和岩内ICA膝部的后上方,耳蜗覆盖到ICA膝部的上方。ICA水平段与ICA膝部和内耳道内侧缘连线的夹角为67.1°±4.3°。结论:以棘孔和膝状神经节连线的中点、膝状神经节、内耳道内侧缘形成的三角定位耳蜗。在耳前—颞下窝斜坡手术入路中,在中颅底,过ICA膝部做与ICA水平段成67.1°±4.3°的夹角,在这个夹角内磨除岩尖骨质,不会损伤耳蜗、内耳道及其内容物。耳蜗基底圈至ICA膝部的距离为(0.302±0.016)cm。从前向后磨除岩尖骨质时,ICA膝部后方的骨质磨除不要超过(0.302±0.016)cm,否则会损伤耳蜗。     

眼动脉眶内段的应用解剖研究

目的 :为眶内手术中寻找和处理眼动脉及其分支提供解剖学依据。方法 :手术显微镜下解剖、观察、测量4 0侧成人眶内眼动脉的分段、各段的长度、外径、重要毗邻、主要分支、各分支起点与各段分界点之间的相互位置关系。结果 :(1)眶内眼动脉依其行程分为 4段。O3 段与O4段的分界点 (O4段起点 )坐标在左眼约位于时钟 5 4分钟位置 ,在右眼约位于时钟 10分钟位置。 (2 )视网膜中央动脉的起点多集中在眼动脉角后约 7.4 0mm至角前约 3.90mm的范围内 ,视网膜中央动脉穿视神经鞘处至眼球后极的距离平均为 (8.4 6± 1.91)mm。 (3)眼动脉角至眼球后极的距离平均为 (19.32± 4 .2 2 )mm ;眼动脉弯至眼球后极距离平均为 (14 .2 0± 3.92 )mm。 (4 )眶内眼动脉各段中 ,以O2段发出的至眼球、眼外肌和泪腺的分支最多。结论 :(1)眶内眼动脉以四分段法对眶内手术更有实用意义。 (2 )眼动脉各分支的起点变化较大 ,可用眼动脉四段的分界点作为识辨眼动脉及其重要分支的标志     

旋髂深动脉穿支骨皮瓣3D可视化模型的制备

目的：建立旋髂深动脉及穿支的数字化可视模型，为临床上旋髂深动脉穿支骨皮瓣的设计与安全截取提供形态学基础。方法：2具新鲜男尸，分别采用羧甲基纤维素／氧化铅水凝胶及明胶／氧化铅行一次性全身动脉造影，并进行连续螺旋CT扫描，运用Mimics软件，在计算机上对腰区相关重要结构进行计算机三维重建和立体显示。结果：该数字化可视模型能够清晰显示髋骨、髂外动脉、旋髂深动脉及其供血皮瓣的形态、位置及毗邻关系，并可任意方向的旋转观察。结论：重建的三维模型可以提供正常腰区皮瓣的三维动态解剖，为临床术前皮瓣设计提供了直观的数字化解剖依据。     

颈椎钩突邻近结构薄层断面与MRI对照研究

目的阐明颈椎钩突在薄层断面和MRI断面图像上与周围结构的毗邻关系,为颈椎退行性疾病提供影像学诊断依据。方法选取5例中国数字化可视人体（CVH）数据集中C3-C7椎体上缘清楚显示钩突的薄层断面图像,观察并测量钩突与邻近的椎动脉和颈神经的位置关系,选择对应平面的MRI断面图像对照分析。结果CVH数据集的薄层断面清晰显示颈椎钩突及其周围结构,在断面上测量并得出钩突与颈神经、钩突与椎动脉的距离的平均值,MRI清楚显示颈椎钩突及其邻近结构。结论将CVH数据集中的颈椎钩突平面的薄层断面与对应的MRI图像进行对照研究,可为颈椎病的影像学诊断和治疗提供形态学参考。