围产期B族链球菌感染筛查及防治在基层医院中的推广应用

目的 探讨基层医院实施围产期B族链球菌感染筛查及防治的价值。方法 回顾性分析我院2019年7月至2020年7月纳入的4220例围产期孕妇作为研究对象,收集并整理其齐全资料,并在我院接受阴道与直肠的B族链球菌感染筛查,经B族链球菌感染筛查结果,将其中507例阳性者作为阳性组,另3713例阴性者作为阴性组,分析围产期B族链球菌感染筛查及防治运用于基层医院中的价值。结果 本院所有研究对象均接受B族链球菌感染筛查,结果发现阳性者507例,阳性率为12.01%;阴性者3713例,阴性率为87.99%。两组在剖宫产、产后出血、产褥感染、新生儿窒息、胎儿窘迫上比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);但阳性组的绒毛膜羊膜炎、羊水污染、胎膜早破、新生儿感染发生率均高于阴性组(P0.05)。结论 基层医院中实施围产期B族链球菌感染筛查具有重要意义,应受到医疗界重点关注,经过筛查后尽早给予有效干预,从而避免不良妊娠结局产生,保障母婴安全。     

广州市2015-2016年50~74岁社区人群大肠癌筛查结果分析

目的 分析广州市开展现行大肠癌筛查策略的效果。方法 收集、整理2015－2016年广州市大肠癌筛查数据，评价问卷调查、便隐血检查和全结肠镜检查的筛查效果。结果 2015－2016年广州市50～74岁重点人群完成初筛220 834人，初筛阳性37 040例（16.77%）。全结肠镜检7 821人，肠镜检查顺应率为21.12%（7 821/37 040）。发现各类肠道病变4 126例（52.76%），其中进展性腺瘤614例（7.85%）、伴中/重度异型增生的其他病变73例（0.93%），大肠癌230例（2.94%）；各类病变中男性检出率均高于女性（P<0.01）。病变早诊率为87.24%；筛查发现早期癌99例，占总大肠癌的46.26%。大肠癌筛查发现率为104.15/10万，明显高于相应年龄段（50～74岁）大肠癌监测发病率81.18/10万（P<0.001），表现为≤69岁年龄段大肠癌发现率明显高于相应发病率，≥70岁年龄段则相反。结论 广州市大肠癌筛查策略可以发现大肠癌高危人群，提高全结肠镜病变检出率、癌前病变早诊率和早期大肠癌的诊断比例，≤69岁人群受益高于70～74岁人群，是大肠癌筛查重点关注人群，应需进一步促进高危人群肠镜检查顺应性。     

Overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening: The impact of study design and calculations

Overdiagnosis in breast cancer screening is an important issue. A recent study from Denmark concluded that one in three breast cancers diagnosed in screening areas in women aged 50–69 years were overdiagnosed. The purpose of this short communication was to disentangle the study's methodology in order to evaluate the soundness of this conclusion. We found that both the use of absolute differences as opposed to ratios; the sole focus on non-advanced tumours and the crude allocation of tumours and person-years by screening history for women aged 70–84 years, all contributed to the very high estimate of overdiagnosis. Screening affects cohorts of screened women. Danish registers allow very accurate mapping of the fate of every woman. We should be past the phase where studies of overdiagnosis are based on the fixed age groups from routine statistics.     

To screen or not to screen: How to find and identify very early arthritis

There is accumulating evidence demonstrating that early treatment leads to better outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis. In order to be treated early, patients thus need to be identified at the earliest possible stage. This means identifying patients with rheumatoid arthritis at their earliest clinical signs but it could also mean screening for healthy individuals at high risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. The different tools available to screen for these individuals are reviewed here and their relevance is discussed.     

Rising Proportion of Young Individuals With Rectal and Colon Cancer

Background

Recent trends have identified increasing number of young individuals with rectal and colon cancers. These individuals, who are younger than 50 years old, in most instances would not meet screening guidelines. We aimed to report the characteristics and trend of the rising proportion of young individuals being diagnosed with rectal and colon cancers at our institutions.

The burden of digestive disease across Europe: Facts and policies

The past decade has witnessed a significant increase in the incidence of GI diseases across Europe. There are clear differences in outcomes for patients in Europe based on geographical and economic differences, and there is a worrying inequality in the provision of healthcare across the continent. Recent demographic studies have highlighted the heavy burden of GI disease across Europe. There is increasing demand for endoscopic procedures which are becoming increasingly more complex and demand further expertise and training. A co-ordinated and cohesive approach to research, specialist training and healthcare funding is required to overcome these inequalities.     

Prevalence and Preliminary Validation of Screening Criteria to Identify Carriers of Germline BAP1 Mutations

IntroductionInherited mutations are easily detected factors that influence the disease courses and optimal treatment strategies of some cancers. Germline mutations in BRCA1 associated protein 1 (BAP1) are associated with unique disease profiles in mesothelioma, atypical spitz nevi, and uveal melanoma, but the patient characteristics of an unselected population of BAP1 carriers identified by an ascertainment prevalence study are unknown.MethodsWe collected blood samples, cancer histories, and occupational exposures from 183 unselected patients with BAP1-related diseases. Clinical information for each patient was obtained from medical records. Germline DNA was extracted from blood samples and sequenced using a next-generation sequencing assay. We tested screening criteria developed to identify patients with a possible germline BAP1 mutation.ResultsPathogenic or likely pathogenic germline BAP1 mutations were observed in 5 of 180 sequenced specimens and were exclusively found in patients identified by our screening criteria. Several patients with characteristics suspicious for a heritable deleterious mutation did not have a germline BAP1 mutation. The prevalence of pathogenic germline BAP1 mutations in patients with mesothelioma was 4.4% (95% confidence interval 1.1–11.1).ConclusionsResults from the first unselected prevalence ascertainment study of germline BAP1 alterations suggest that the frequency of this mutation is low among patients with mesothelioma. The proposed screening criteria successfully identified all patients with germline BAP1-mutant mesothelioma. These screening guidelines may assist physicians in selecting patients who would benefit from genetic testing. Future efforts should validate and refine these criteria and search for other germline mutations associated with mesothelioma and related diseases.     

Comparing a single-day swabbing regimen with an established 3-day protocol for MRSA decolonization control

ObjectivesSuccess of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) decolonization procedures is usually verified by control swabs of the colonized body region. This prospective controlled study compared a single-day regimen with a well-established 3-day scheme for noninferiority and adherence to the testing scheme.MethodsTwo sampling schemes for screening MRSA patients of a single study cohort at a German tertiary-care hospital 2 days after decolonization were compared regarding their ability to identify MRSA colonization in throat or nose. In each patient, three nose and three throat swabs were taken at 3- to 4-hour intervals during screening day 1, and in the same patients once daily on days 1, 2 and 3. Swabs were analysed using chromogenic agar and broth enrichment. The study aimed to investigate whether the single-day swabbing scheme is not inferior to the 3-day scheme with a 15% noninferiority margin.ResultsOne hundred sixty patients were included, comprising 105 and 101 patients with results on all three swabs for decolonization screening of the nose and throat, respectively. Noninferiority of the single-day swabbing scheme was confirmed for both pharyngeal and nasal swabs, with 91.8% and 89% agreement, respectively. The absolute difference of positivity rates between the swabbing regimens was 0.025 (−0.082, 0.131) for the nose and 0.006 (−0.102, 0.114) (95% confidence interval) for the pharynx as calculated with McNemar's test for matched or paired data. Compliance with the single-day scheme was better, with 12% lacking second-day swabs and 27% lacking third-day swabs from the nostrils.ConclusionsThe better adherence to the single-day screening scheme with noninferiority suggests its implementation as the new gold standard.