基于白蛋白胆红素指数的肝细胞癌根治性手术患者中期死亡风险预测模型评估

目的: 构建基于白蛋白胆红素指数（ALBI）的原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）根治性手术患者中期死亡风险的临床预测模型并验证其预测能力。方法: 采用回顾性队列研究方法,纳入2010年1月至2016年8月于浙江大学金华医院、金华市人民医院、金华市中医医院、金华市广福医院接受HCC根治性手术的533例患者,提取术后生存情况等资料。训练组纳入407例患者,验证组纳入126例患者,两组间基线资料差异无统计学意义（均P>0.05）。训练组样本采用Cox比例风险模型筛选影响HCC患者术后死亡风险的临床危险因素,建立基于ALBI分级的预测模型后在验证组进行验证;使用ROC曲线和预测模型校准图评估预测模型的价值;使用列线图展示模型,方便临床使用。结果: Cox比例风险模型结果显示,丙氨酸转氨酶80 U/L及以上、肿瘤最大径5 cm及以上、门静脉癌栓形成、ALBI分级2级为HCC根治性手术患者预后的独立危险因子。据此建立预测模型,预后指数（PI）=0.550×ALT+0.512×ALBI分级+0.872×肿瘤最大径+1.377×门静脉癌栓。利用验证组样本评价模型预测能力,该模型预测患者术后12、36、60个月死亡风险的AUC分别为0.872、0.814、0.810（均P < 0.01）,预测结果的拟合优度（r²）分别为0.953、0.976、0.994。以36个月死亡风险区分能力与经典HCC分期模型比较,基于ALBI的预测模型的AUC为0.814,优于ALBI（AUC=0.683）、巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期（AUC=0.713）、意大利肝癌计划评分（AUC=0.689）、肝功能Child-Pugh分级（AUC=0.645）、肿瘤TNM分期（AUC=0.612）（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。结论: 丙氨酸转氨酶80 U/L及以上、肿瘤最大径5 cm及以上、门静脉癌栓形成、ALBI分级2级为HCC根治性手术患者死亡风险的独立危险因子,基于ALBI分级构建的预测模型对HCC根治性手术患者中期死亡风险有较高的预测价值。     

基于白蛋白胆红素指数的肝细胞癌根治性手术患者中期死亡风险预测模型评估

目的构建基于白蛋白胆红素指数（ALBI）的原发性肝细胞癌（HCC）根治性手术患者中期死亡风险的临床预测模型并验证其预测能力。方法采用回顾性队列研究方法，纳入2010年1月至2016年8月于浙江大学金华医院、金华市人民医院、金华市中医医院、金华市广福医院接受HCC根治性手术的533例患者，提取术后生存情况等资料。训练组纳入407例患者，验证组纳入126例患者，两组间基线资料差异无统计学意义（均 P>0.05）。训练组样本采用Cox比例风险模型筛选影响HCC患者术后死亡风险的临床危险因素，建立基于ALBI分级的预测模型后在验证组进行验证；使用ROC曲线和预测模型校准图评估预测模型的价值；使用列线图展示模型，方便临床使用。 结果Cox比例风险模型结果显示，丙氨酸转氨酶80 U/L及以上、肿瘤最大径5 cm及以上、门静脉癌栓形成、ALBI分级2级为HCC根治性手术患者预后的独立危险因子。据此建立预测模型，预后指数（PI）=0.550×ALT+0.512×ALBI分级+0.872×肿瘤最大径+1.377×门静脉癌栓。利用验证组样本评价模型预测能力，该模型预测患者术后12、36、60个月死亡风险的AUC分别为0.872、0.814、0.810（均 P < 0.01），预测结果的拟合优度（ r ²）分别为0.953、0.976、0.994。以36个月死亡风险区分能力与经典HCC分期模型比较，基于ALBI的预测模型的AUC为0.814，优于ALBI（AUC=0.683）、巴塞罗那临床肝癌分期（AUC=0.713）、意大利肝癌计划评分（AUC=0.689）、肝功能Child-Pugh分级（AUC=0.645）、肿瘤TNM分期（AUC=0.612）（ P < 0.05或 P < 0.01）。 结论丙氨酸转氨酶80 U/L及以上、肿瘤最大径5 cm及以上、门静脉癌栓形成、ALBI分级2级为HCC根治性手术患者死亡风险的独立危险因子，基于ALBI分级构建的预测模型对HCC根治性手术患者中期死亡风险有较高的预测价值。     

Clinical significance of the WHO grades of follicular lymphoma in a population-based cohort of 505 patients with long follow-up times

The prognostic value of grading follicular lymphoma has been debated since the 1980s. There is consensus that World Health Organization (WHO) grades 1 and 2 are indolent, but not whether grades 3A or 3B are aggressive. We retrospectively reviewed the follicular lymphoma diagnoses according to the 2008 WHO classification in all diagnostic specimens from a population-based cohort of 505 patients with a median follow-up time of 10·0years (range, 4·6-16·0). After excluding 43 patients with concomitant diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, 345 remained with grade 1-2, 94 with grade 3A, and 23 with grade 3B follicular lymphoma. Grades 1-2 and 3A seemed equally indolent, with indistinguishable clinical courses, even in patients receiving anthracyclines. Compared with grades 1-3A and independently of clinical factors, grade 3B correlated with higher mortality (P=0·008), but outcome was improved after upfront anthracycline-containing therapy (P=0·015). In contrast to grade 1-3A patients, grade 3B patients experienced no relapses or deaths beyond 5years of follow-up. Furthermore, patients with grade 3B were predominantly male and seldom presented with bone-marrow involvement. We conclude that follicular lymphoma grade 1-3A is indolent and incurable with conventional therapy. Grade 3B appears to be an aggressive but curable disease.     

Expression of immunoreactivity of nuclear findings by p53 and cyclin a in endometrial cytology: Comparison with endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown and endometrioid adenocarcinoma grade 1

It is well known that “condensed cluster of stromal cells (CCSC)” and “metaplastic clumps with irregular protrusion (MCIP)” in endometrial glandular and stromal breakdown (EGBD) cases may simulate “clumps of cancer cells (CCC)” in endometrioid adenocarcinoma grade 1 (G1), leading to difficulty in cytological interpretation. The aim of this study was undertaken to clarify the cytological immunoreactivity of nuclear findings about CCSC and MCIP which may be recognized in EGBD cases by using p53 protein and cyclin A in liquid‐based cytologic (LBC) preparations. The material consists of cytologic smears of 20 cases of EGBD and 20 cases of G1 for which histopathological diagnosis was obtained by endometrial curettage at the JA Suzuka General Hospital. The evaluation of immunoreactivity was performed by using the intensity of nuclear staining and the nuclear labeling index (N‐LI). The intensity of nuclear staining was scored as negative (0), weak (1), moderate (2), or strong (3). The N‐LI was scored as less than 10% (0), from 10 to 25% (1), from 26 to 50% (2), or greater than 50% (3). The final score was calculated of the addition of both partial scores. Results are as follows: As for the p53 protein immunoreactivity, CCC (2.4 ± 1.4) was a significantly higher value in comparison with CCSC (0) and MCIP (0.8 ± 0.4), respectively. As for the cyclin A immunoreactivity, CCC (2.8 ± 1.1) was a significantly higher value in comparison with CCSC (0) and MCIP (0.6 ± 0.5), respectively. CCSC and MCIP in EGBD are misunderstood as cellular atypia and structural atypia on occasion; but, as for results of the immunoreactivity scores of p53 protein and cyclin A in our study, it seemed that those biochemical characters proved that the biological activity level was low (or degenerative). The results of the current study demonstrated that the cytological immunoreactivity of nuclear findings by p53 and cyclin A appear to be more useful for the LBC assessment of endometrial lesions, especially for the discrimination of EGBD and G1.Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:303–307. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

CD14 expression and Kupffer cell dysfunction in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: superparamagnetic iron oxide-magnetic resonance image and pathologic correlation

Background and Aim: Kupffer cell (KC) function and CD14 expression contributes to pathogenesis of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). However, these relationships remain unclear. We investigated the relationship of KC function with superparamagnetic iron oxide‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (SPIO‐MRI), histopathological severity of NASH, and number of CD14‐positive KCs in NASH. Methods: This retrospective study included 32 patients (24 with NASH and eight with simple steatosis) who had previously undergone SPIO‐MRI with T2‐weighted gradient‐recalled echo sequence. All subjects were diagnosed pathologically and were evaluated for necroinflammation grade, fibrosis stage, and number of CD14‐positive KCs. Patients with NASH and simple steatosis were compared by using the Mann–Whitney test to determine differences in percent reduction of liver‐to‐muscle signal intensity ratio (reduction‐%LMR), as a surrogate parameter of KC function, and number of CD14‐positive KCs. Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used to analyze relation among reduction‐%LMR, histopathological severity and number of CD14‐positive KCs. Results: There were statistically significant differences in reduction‐%LMR and number of CD14‐positive KCs between NASH and simple steatosis patients (Mann–Whitney test, P < 0.001 for all comparisons). Reduction‐%LMR decreased with an increase in necroinflammation grade or fibrosis stage. The number of CD14‐positive KCs increased with an increase in necroinflammation grade and fibrosis stage (Kruskal–Wallis test, both, P < 0.001). A high correlation was seen between number of CD14‐positive KCs and reduction‐%LMR (Pearson r = 0.81; P < 0.001). Conclusions: KC phagocytic function evaluated with SPIO‐MRI correlated with histopathological severity and number of CD14‐positive KCs. These results support the concept that KC phagocytic dysfunction contributes to the pathogenesis of NASH.     

Factors Affecting Survival in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Who Choose Not to Receive Dialysis

Introduction. Non-dialytic treatment (NDT) has become a recognized and important modality of treatment in end stage renal disease (ESRD) in certain groups of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. However, little is known about the prognosis of these NDT patients in terms of hospitalization rates and survival. We analyzed our experience in managing these NDT with a multidisciplinary team (MDT) approach over a three-year period. Patients and Methods. The Renal Unit at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital set up a dedicated MDT clinic to manage NDT patients in January 2003. Patients approaching end stage chronic kidney disease who chose not to dialyse were recruited from other nephrologists. The study group was classified according to age band (<70 years, 71–80 years, and >80 years), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (<10 ml/min, 11–20 ml/min, and >20 ml/min) according to the Modified Diet In Renal Disease formula and Stoke comorbidity grade (SCG). The SCG is a validated scoring system for the survival of patients on renal replacement therapy. We also used the ERA-EDTA primary renal diagnosis codes. As there are no existing standards for NDT patients, we used the U.K. national set for haemodialysis patients as a reference and target for our NDT patients. Data was collected prospectively. Results. The median age was 79 years and the male: female ratio was approximately 1. The most common primary cause of kidney disease in the NDT study population was chronic renal failure of unknown cause n = 22 (31%), but the most common identifiable cause was diabetic nephropathy, n = 20 (28%). The most common comorbidity was ischaemic heart disease n = 25 (34%). Those achieving the standards for anaemia were 78% at referral. Only 30% of the NDT patients achieved the standard for blood pressure (<130/80 mmHg) at referral. Forty-three patients (60%) had no admissions at all. There were a total of 30 patients admitted on 58 occasions. Thirty-one (53%) of these were due to a non-renal cause. The median length of stay for the other NDT patients was 10 days. The median overall survival (life expectancy) was 1.95 years. The one-year overall survival was 65%. SCG was an independent prognostic factor in predicting survival in NDT patients studied (p = 0.005), the hazard ratio being 2.53, for each incremental increase in the SCG. At one year, the survival for comorbidity grade 0, 1 and 2 were 83%, 70% and 56% respectively. Of the 28 patients who died, 20 did so at home (71%). Discussion. The NDT of ESRD has become an important alternative modality in renal replacement therapy. With the emergence of epidemic proportions of CKD, more elderly patients with progressive renal disease will need to make informed decisions regarding renal replacement therapy. There is likely to be increasing number of elderly patients that will tolerate dialysis badly and who will be very dependent on others. We believe that there should be a multidisciplinary approach to assist the ESRD patients in choosing their modality of renal replacement therapy, and with an agreed care plan to support these patients in managing their chosen modality to achieve the best possible quality of life. There should be integrated services with primary care, community nurses, and palliative care teams to enable the majority of the patient's treatment to be carried out at home and to allow a dignified death. However. there was a statistically significant trend for shorter survival among those with greater comorbidities, as determined by the SCG. This is the first report of the potential importance of SCG as an independent prognostic factor in NDT patients. This will help us to counsel our patients in the future about their prognosis if they choose NDT as their modality of renal replacement therapy. Conclusion. Our prospective study is the first and currently the largest observational study of a multidisciplinary approach in the management of NDT patients. SCG was an independent prognostic factor in predicting survival. In those patients who chose not to dialyse, SCG provides a potentially useful indication of expected prognosis.     

Clinical outcome of surgically treated low-grade gliomas: A retrospective analysis of a single institute

Objective

Low grade gliomas (LGGs) are slow-growing primary brain tumors with heterogeneous clinical behaviors. The aim of our study is to review the treatment outcome of 63 patients with LGGs focusing on surgical outcome and the current therapeutic strategy.

Methods

We retrospectively enrolled 63 patients surgically treated for LGGs. The gross total resection (GTR) was performed in 35 patients (60.3%), subtotal resection (STR) was performed in 19 patients (31.7%) and partial resection (PR) or biopsy was performed in 9 patients (14.3%). We analyzed their progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and malignant transformation with regard to age, gender, Karnofsky performance score (KPS), clinical presentation, tumor location, radiologic pattern, contrast enhancement, extent of removal, pathologic subtype, chemotherapy (CT) and radiotherapy (RT) treatment.

Results

Among all LGGs, the 3-year OS rate was 80% and the 5-year OS was 76%. The 3-year PFS rate was 83.6% and the 5-year PFS was 25%. The non-eloquent area location showed a longer PFS than the eloquent area location (p = 0.05). Oligodendroglial pathology showed a longer PFS compared to oligoastrocytomas and astrocytomas (p = 0.02). Patients older than 60 years had poorer OS than younger patients (p < 0.05). Female gender had a shorter OS than male gender (p < 0.05), and a KPS of 90 or 100 had a longer OS than a KPS of 80 (p < 0.05). Oligodendroglial pathology statistically correlated with a longer OS (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The findings from our study, which were confirmed by uni- and multivariate analyses, demonstrated that radical tumor resection was associated with better long-term outcomes and tumor progression for patients with LGG.     

Microsurgical clipping of previously coiled intracranial aneurysms

Objective

Endovascular coiling techniques for the treatment of intracranial aneurysms have rapidly developed as an alternative option to surgical clipping. A distinct problem after endovascular coiling is the management of a residual aneurysm neck due to incomplete filling, compaction of coils or regrowth of the aneurysm. Treatment options in this situation include surgical clipping, re-coiling, stent implantation or observation.

Methods

From June 2006 to August 2011, 15 patients underwent surgical clipping of residual or recurrent aneurysms after previous endovascular treatment. The mean age of the patients was 50.6 years (range, 27–85 years). The mean interval between coiling and clipping was 76.5 weeks (range, 0–288 weeks).

Results

Thirteen patients revealed a regrowth of coiled aneurysms, and in 5 patients compaction of coils was present. Coil extrusion was observed in 9 patients intraoperatively. In case of coil obstruction at the aneurysmal neck during surgery, coils were partially or completely removed. In all cases complete occlusion of the aneurysms was surgically achieved.

Conclusion

Coiled aneuryms with incomplete occlusion, coil compaction or regrowth of the aneurysmal neck can be successfully treated with microsurgical clipping. Coil extrusion was more often observed intraoperatively than expected. Complete occlusion of the aneurysm can be performed safely, even if loops of coils protrude into the aneurysmal neck. In these cases intraoperative removal of the coils enables secure closure of the aneurysm with a surgical clip.