Accessibilité, politiques inclusives et droit à l’éducation : considérations conceptuelles et méthodologiques

The right to education promoted by the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Disabled Persons aims at fighting against discriminations persons with disabilities face in this matter. Identifying existing discriminations require however reliable data allowing for analyzing education systems’ ability to provide Special Educational Needs students with equal opportunities in terms of access, success, prospects and affiliation. This article describes the conceptual framework developed to identify indicators required to monitor the implementation of right to education in the European Union building upon an OECD research made on the transition to higher education and to employment of SEN students.     

Radioembolization with yttrium-90 microspheres work up: Practical approach and literature review

Radioembolization (RE) is a selective internal radiotherapy technique in which yttrium-90 blended microspheres are infused through the hepatic arteries. It is based on the fact that primary and secondary hepatic tumors are vascularized mostly by arterial blood flow whereas healthy hepatocytes obtain their blood supply mostly from the portal network. This enables high radiation doses to be delivered, sparing the surrounding non-malignant liver parenchyma. Most of the complications are caused by unexpected particles passing into the gastrointestinal tract through branches originating from the main hepatic arterial supply. Knowledge of this hepatic arterial network and of its variations and the technical considerations this raises are required in preparation for treatment. This work describes the specific anatomical features and techniques for this anatomy through recent literature illustrated by cases from our own experience.     

Assessment of right ventricular lipomatosis by histomorphometry in control adult autopsy cases

A histomorphometry study was carried out to assess the degree of right ventricular lipomatosis in control autopsy cases and to evaluate if this was correlated with parameters such as sex, age, body mass index (BMI) and heart weight. A total of 70 adult cases were selected from cases of violent death between 1991 and 1999 and where autopsies were carried out in the Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine in Garches. All cases with heart pathology, abnormal BMI or putrefaction were excluded. Cases with lung or liver pathology were also excluded. Furthermore, 10 adult autopsy cases who died suddenly of arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) were compared with 10 age and sex-matched control cases. Details on sex, age, BMI and heart weight were obtained from the post-mortem records. For each case one sample of the right front ventricular wall was fixed in 10% neutral saline-buffered formalin and one 5-μm-section was stained with haematoxylin and eosin. The Leica Quantimet 500 analysis system was used for the histomorphometrical study. The mean degree of lipomatosis was measured under blind conditions in the ventricular wall and epicardial fat was excluded. Covariance analysis and the Wilcoxon test were used for statistics. The mean age of the control population was 37.5 years, the sex ratio was 1.9:1 (male:female). The mean degree of lipomatosis was 17.03% and the degree of lipomatosis was significantly correlated with age (p = 0.0029) but not with sex, BMI and heart weight. There was a statistically significant increase in fat in ARVC cases compared with age and sex-matched controls (p < 0.001). Fat infiltration of the right ventricle could be an adipose involution due to an ageing process and heavy fat infiltration can be difficult to distinguish from ARVC. Our study suggests that fat infiltration is not essential for the post-mortem diagnosis of ARVC which also requires fibrosis and degenerating myocytes trapped within areas of fibrosis. Received: 6 October 2000 / Accepted: 20 March 2001     

永存动脉干纠治术中右心室流出道重建方式的选择

目的比较采用自体肺动脉和外管道连接右心室的两种不同手术方法，以选择更佳的手术方案。方法2000年2月至2006年9月，我院共收治23例永存动脉干患者，手术年龄为1．5～63．3月龄。根据右心室切口与肺动脉连接的方法不同分为两组，组Ⅰ：18例，采用自体肺动脉连接右心室；组Ⅱ：5例，采用外管道连接右心室至肺动脉。3例合并主动脉弓中断。采用Kaplan—Meier法分析两组患者的早期生存情况、术后生存时间、再手术情况，采用配对t检验或团体t检验分析患者远期肺动脉生长情况以及心功能的变化。结果术后早期死亡2例。术后随访17例，随访时间2．14±1．97年（32．00d～6．95年），随访中无死亡。总生存率为91．30％（21／Z3），生存时间的95％可信区间为5．55～7．15年。1例因术后右室流出道梗阻（RVOTO）再次手术。组Ⅰ生存率为94．44％（17／18），组Ⅱ为80．00％（4／5）。术后组Ⅰ主肺动脉与右心室吻合口直径早期为1．01±0．26cm，远期为1．32±0．45cm（P=0．019）；组Ⅱ术后主肺动脉与右心室吻合口直径早期为1．46±0．77cm，远期1．26±0．21cm（P=0．581）；两组吻合口、左右肺动脉开口处血流速度变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。组Ⅱ近远期左、右肺动脉开口直径均大于组Ⅰ。组Ⅰ早期左心室射血分数（LVEF）为62.82％，远期为69．87％（P=0．026）；组Ⅱ早期LVEF为58．17％，远期为64．00％（P=0．029），两组患者术后远期心功能均较术后近期明显改善。无因动脉干瓣膜反流而再手术者。结论永存动脉干手术成功率高，术后生存率及随访结果满意。采用自体肺动脉重建右心室流出道，使吻合口具有生长性，术后肺动脉及分叉处梗阻率低，术后心功能良好。术后早期死亡与合并主动脉弓中断及动脉干瓣膜反流有关。     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术16例临床分析

为探讨腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术的安全性和疗效,对16例行腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌切除手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果显示,顺利完成腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治术14例,中转开腹2例,中转率为12．5％。无死亡病例。平均手术时间为（175±15）min,平均术中出血量为（120±9）ml,平均结肠癌切除标本上下切缘长度分别为（10．8±0．8）cm和（10．2±0．7）cm,平均清除淋巴结（16．1±1．2）枚,平均术后住院时间为（10±1）d。1例术后第3天肺部感染,1例切口感染。14例完成腹腔镜手术患者随访6～20个月,1例发生肝转移。结果表明,腹腔镜辅助右半结肠切除术安全性好,可达到与开腹手术同样的根治效果。     

成人右半肝活体肝移植供者的处理

目的 探讨成人右半肝活体肝移植供者处理的技术问题.方法 对我院2007年4月至2009年2月完成的19例成人右半肝活体肝移植供者资料进行回顾性分析.结果 19例右半肝移植物中带肝中静脉者4例,不带肝中静脉者15例;供肝重量为585～920 g,平均(727.32±117.01)g,与受者标准肝体积比为43%～67%(53.69%±1.77%),与受者重量比为0.82%～1.46%(1.10%±0.04%),供者残肝百分比为32%～55%(47%±2%),供者术中失血量400～1000 ml,平均(660±39.11)ml,输自体血0～735 ml,平均(216.37±62.28)ml,输新鲜冰冻血浆600～2000 ml,平均(789.47±75.66)ml,手术时间480～930min,平均(695.53±26.57)min.供者术后无死亡,发生并发症23例次,按照Clavien分级,Ⅰ级为15例次,Ⅱ级为8例次,经对症处理后均痊愈.住院时间13～58 d,平均(25.42±2.67)d.随访时间6～28月,全部供者均恢复正常工作生活.受者术后1年存活率为78.95%.结论 仔细术前评估,精细手术操作,合理地分配并保证移植物和残肝的功能性体积,术后密切监护、妥善处理并发症是供受者安全的重要保证.     

The effect of adenoidectomy on right ventricular performance in children

Objective

Several studies have shown a reduction in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) after adenoidectomy in children suffering form upper airway obstruction caused by adenoid hypertrophy (AH). However, it is not clear whether this would be significantly reflected on right ventricle output (RVO).

Methods

Our aim was to determine if there were any detectable changes in RV performance parameters after adenoidectomy in children with AH. Thirty children with AH (female/male: 11/19) aged between 2.5 and 12 years (median: five years) were included in this study. Adenoidectomy was performed under sinuscopic guide using adenoid curette and microdebrider. All children were examined by echocardiography one day before and one month after adenoidectomy. Velocity time integral of tricuspid valve flow (VTItv) and pulmonary valve flow (VTIpa); E/A ratio of tricuspid valve flow; RV end-diastolic diameter (RVEDd) and left ventricle fraction shortening (FS) were measured. Heart rate (HR) was also recorded.

Results

Preoperatively VTItv, VTIpa, E/A ratio, RVEDd, FS, and HR were 18.6 ± 3.0 cm, 20.8 ± 3.1 cm, 1.21 ± 0.31, 11.5 ± 2.1 mm, 35.1 ± 4.3%, and 112 ± 19, respectively. Postoperatively VTItv, VTIpa, E/A ratio, RVEDd, FS, and HR were 21.5 ± 2.5 cm, 24.4 ± 4.3 cm, 1.44 ± 0.32, 9.3 ± 2.6 mm, 33.9 ± 3.5%, and 104 ± 28, respectively. There were significant differences between preoperative and postoperative VTItv (p = 0.03), VTIpa (p = 0.01), E/A ratios (p = 0.04), and RVEDd (p = 0.01). FS and HR were not significantly different.

Conclusions

This study illustrated that in children suffering from AH, relieving upper airway obstruction by adenoidectomy may result in improvement of RV filling and RVO, associated with the reduction in PAP.     

Tricuspid annulus motion and mitral annulus motion: Anatomical intimacy causing a good correlation?

BACKGROUND:

Echocardiographic evaluation of the heart and its function, especially left ventricular systolic function, has great clinical importance. Systolic function can be measured using several methods, such as the amplitude of motion of the left atrioventricular plane (mitral annulus motion [MAM]) toward the apex during systole. Similarly, right ventricular systolic function can be measured using the motion of the right atrioventricular plane (tricuspid annulus motion [TAM]) toward the apex during systole.

OBJECTIVES:

Because the mitral and tricuspid annuli are situated close to each other in the fibrous skeleton between both ventricles and atria, one might think that a decrease in the amplitude of MAM would be followed by a decrease in the amplitude of TAM. The present study was developed to determinine if this anatomical intimacy causes a good correlation between the amplitudes of TAM and MAM.

METHODS:

Nineteen healthy subjects and 103 consecutive patients were included in the study and examined using echocardiography. The amplitudes of TAM and MAM were measured and the correlation between the amplitudes was calculated.

RESULTS:

In the 103 consecutive patients, a significant but relatively weak positive correlation was found between TAM and MAM amplitudes (Pearson’s correlation coefficient [r]=0.58; P<0.001). In the 19 healthy subjects, no significant correlation was found.

CONCLUSIONS:

Despite the anatomical intimacy of the annuli, the correlation between the amplitudes of TAM and MAM in consecutive patients was rather weak, and there was no correlation in healthy subjects. These findings could be due to anatomical and physiological differences between the right and left ventricles.     

Regional distribution of action potential abnormalities induced by subacute right ventricular pressure overload

Right ventricular pressure overload of 3 days' duration was established in cats by banding of the pulmonary artery. To characterize the regional distribution of the resulting electrophysiologic changes, the right ventricular free wall, adjacent pulmonary outflow tract and septum were mounted in tissue bath and examined by conventional microelectrode techniques. Abnormal action potentials, identified by a negative shift of the voltage level of phase 2 with a corresponding accentuation of phase 1, were recorded from sites contiguous to the tricuspid valve and pulmonary outflow tract and in limited adjacent areas. No abnormal action potentials were recorded on the septal surface, apical end of the free wall, or at any right ventricular location in normal or sham-operated cats. Abnormal potentials could be recorded from sites sampled 5 cell layers deep in the endocardium. The number and extent of distribution of cells demonstrating altered action potentials correlated best with increased right ventricular wet weight at time of sacrifice. Abnormal cells responded to epinephrine or elevated extracellular calcium by a shift in plateau voltage towards zero and by an increase in action potential duration prior to usual plateau shortening. Responsiveness of these cells to agents which influence slow inward current suggests pressure overload-induced changes in the cell membrane that limit or otherwise affect availability of calcium. Regional distribution of plateau potential abnormalities may reflect differential physical stress within the myocardium provoked by sudden pressure overload.