选择性脊神经后根切断术改善脑瘫患者痉挛及粗大运动的临床观察

目的：探究腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）对脑瘫患者的下肢痉挛状态及粗大运动功能的改善情况。方法：回顾性分析2018年1月至2018年10月分别采用单纯康复治疗和腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术结合康复治疗脑瘫患者共47例,根据是否行腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术手术治疗分为A组和B组,A组则采用康复结合腰骶段选择性脊神经后根切断术治疗,B组采用单纯康复治疗。其中A组23例,男15例,女8例,年龄（7.30±3.25）岁;B组24例,男13例,女11例,年龄（7.00±3.09）岁。治疗前后对47例患者进行改良的Ashworth（MAS）评级及粗大运动功能评定量表（GMFM-88项）评分。对比治疗前后患者MAS分级及GMFM-88项评分变化以评价两组患者痉挛程度及粗大运动功能改善情况。结果：47例患者均得到随访。治疗后6个月两组患者MAS分级较治疗前均明显改善（P<0.05）,且A组较B组改善更明显（P<0.05）。治疗后6个月两组患者GMFM-88项D区、E区及总分较治疗前明显改善（P<0.05）,A组D区及总分较B组改善更明显,两组在E区的改善情况差异无统计学意义。结论：选择性脊神经后根切断术结合康复改善脑瘫患者下肢痉挛状态及粗大运动功能效果明显,能够有效促进脑瘫患者下肢运动功能重建及恢复。     

内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛

目的:探讨内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛的效果.方法:2011年4月～2011年10月,收治58例分别使用利多卡因和布比卡因行对照性脊神经背内侧支封闭术证实疼痛80％以上来源于腰椎关节突关节的慢性腰痛患者,其中45例接受内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术治疗(手术治疗组),其余13例接受药物、理疗及认知治疗等保守治疗(保守治疗组).封闭前、封闭后、治疗后1d、3个月、6个月及12个月时记录患者腰痛及牵涉痛的VAS评分,术后12个月时行腰椎MacNab功能评分评估两组的疗效,比较两种治疗方法腰痛缓解率的差异.结果:手术治疗组术后1d、3个月、6个月及12个月时腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前均明显降低(P＜0.05),术后各时间点比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05),无手术并发症发生;保守治疗组封闭后腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前明显降低(P＜0.05),保守治疗组治疗后腰痛及牵涉痛VAS评分较封闭前明显降低(P＜0.05),但均明显高于封闭后VAS评分(P＜0.05).手术治疗组术后各时间点腰痛及牵涉痛疼痛缓解率均明显高于保守治疗组(P＜0.01).术后1年随访MacNab功能评分:手术治疗组优27例,良17例,可1例;保守治疗组可6例,差7例.结论:内窥镜下脊神经背内侧支切断术是治疗腰椎关节突关节源性慢性腰痛安全、有效的方法,疗效优于传统保守治疗方法.     

Surgical Treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Various treatments for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are known to yield initial satisfactory results; however, the surgical treatment has excellent long-term outcomes and a low recurrence rate. Surgical treatment addresses the challenge of vascular compression, which accounts for 85% of the causes of TN. As for surgical treatment for TN, microvascular decompression (MVD) has become the surgical treatment of choice after Peter J. Jannetta reported the results of MVD surgery in 1996. Since then, many studies have reported a success rate of over 90% for the initial surgical treatment. Most MVDs aim to separate (decompress) the culprit vessel from the trigeminal nerve. To increase the success rate of surgery, accurate indications for MVD and management of the offender vessels without complications are critical. In addition, if there is no vascular compression, partial sensory rhizotomy or internal neurolysis can be performed to improve surgical outcomes.     

Selective posterior rhizotomy: experience of 30 cases

The increasing interest in selective posterior rhizotomy for reduction of spasticity in children with cerebral palsy and other neurological disorders comes from the selectivity that this procedure has achieved with intra-operative electromyographic monitoring. Thirty patients were operated on between April 1989 and October 1991. Spasticity was of cerebral origin in 27 cases and secondary to spinal cord lesion in 3 others. A reduction in the abnormally high muscle tone was observed in all cases, mainly in the lower extremities, but also, to a lesser degree, in the upper extremities. All patients showed functional improvements that depended on the individual preoperative condition.Even severely disabled patients with quadriplegia and intellectual impairment, whose spasticity interfered with their daily care, had a significantly improved quality of life after rhizotomy. These patients became much looser, with better swallowing and less drooling, and were much more easily managed by their caretakers. Preliminary results with follow-up from 1 to 30 months indicates that selective posterior rhizotomy is a safe procedure which contributes to significant functional improvement in spastic patients.The clinical aspect of this paper was presented at the XIII Congress of the European Society for Paediatric Neurosurgery, Berlin 1992, and the surgical aspect and results were presented at the XX Annual Meeting of the International Society for Pediatric Neurosurgery, Prague 1992     

Regulation of neuronal and glial galectin-1 expression by peripheral and central axotomy of rat primary afferent neurons

Galectin-1 (Gal1) is an endogenously-expressed protein important for the embryonic development of the full complement of primary sensory neurons and their synaptic connections in the spinal cord. Gal1 also promotes axonal regeneration following peripheral nerve injury, but the regulation of Gal1 by axotomy in primary afferent neurons has not yet been examined. Here, we show by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization that Gal1 expression is differentially regulated by peripheral nerve injury and by dorsal rhizotomy. Following peripheral nerve injury, the proportion of Gal1-positive DRG neurons was increased. An increase in the proportion of large-diameter DRG neurons immunopositive for Gal1 was paralleled by an increase in the depth of immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn, where Gal1-positive terminals are normally restricted to laminae I and II. Dorsal rhizotomy did not affect the proportions of neurons containing Gal1 mRNA or protein, but did deplete the ipsilateral dorsal horn of Gal1 immunoreactivity, indicating that it is transported centrally by dorsal root axons. Dorsal rhizotomy also resulted in an increase in Gal1 mRNA the nerve peripheral to the PNS-CNS interface (likely within Schwann cells and/or macrophages), and to a lesser extent within deafferented spinal cord regions undergoing Wallerian degeneration. This latter increase was notable in the dorsal columns and along the prior trajectories of myelinated afferents into the deeper dorsal horn. These results show that neuronal and glial expressions of Gal1 are tightly correlated with regenerative success. Thus, the differential expression pattern of Gal1 following peripheral axotomy and dorsal rhizotomy suggests that endogenous Gal1 may be a factor important to the regenerative response of injured axons.     

选择性腰骶神经后根切断术治疗小儿脑性下肢瘫

目的 总结选择性腰骶神经后根切断术(SPR手术)治疗脑性下肢瘫的临床经验.方法 对1994年4月至2005年6月SPR手术随诊2年以上的 52 例脑性下肢瘫患儿进行回顾性分析.结果 术后随诊2～10年(平均4年2个月),49 例增高的肌张力缓解,步态改善;2 例增高的肌张力得到了缓解,但步态无明显改善;1 例发生轻度膝反屈.没有发生切口感染、脑脊液漏及脊柱失稳等并发症者.结论 严格掌握手术适应证,相关节段与侧别之高兴奋性(低阈值)脊神经后根小束切断比例的合适与选择正确,持之以恒的康复训练是取得良好手术效果的关键.     

选择性腰骶神经后根切断术中肌电监测的应用研究

目的 研究在痉挛型脑瘫患者选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)中的肌电监测技术与标准.方法 在89例痉挛型脑瘫患者SPR中,采用50 Hz方波电脉冲,分别刺激L3-S1神经后根小束,分别于双侧三角肌、长收肌、股直肌、股二头肌、胫骨前肌和腓肠肌内、外侧头记录自由肌电反应及触发肌电反应,同时观察下肢肌肉痉挛性收缩活动.对肌电反应向对侧、乃至远隔神经支配节段明显扩散的3+级和4+级神经后根小束,及引起下肢或足趾肌肉收缩活动的相对低阈值的神经后根小束进行选择性切断.术后观察下肢肌张力的改善程度,并对下肢感觉、运动及排便功能进行评估.结果 触发肌电反应的出现明显滞后于自由肌电反应,观察自由肌电反应更能及时的判断"异常的"神经小束.89例患儿的372根神经后根被选择性切断,其中324根(83.5%)腰神经后根的出现3+～4+级肌电反应的神经小束被选择性切断;48根(12.9%)神经后根的神经小束根据"相对低阈值"被选择性切断.所有患儿术后下肢肌张力明显降低,未出现明显的下肢感觉、运动及排便功能障碍.结论 SPR中,肌电监测所出现的向对侧和(或)远隔节段扩散的持续的肌肉动作电位反应,是判定"异常"神经后根小束并进行选择性切断的有效并可重复的客观标准.     

Spinally upregulated noggin suppresses axonal and dendritic plasticity following dorsal rhizotomy

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their antagonists, including noggin, are required for nervous system development, but their potential roles in the reactions of the adult central nervous system to injury are unknown. Here we have examined the expression of noggin and BMPs in the spinal cord following dorsal rhizotomy. Through the use of a function-blocking antibody, we have also investigated the role of endogenous noggin in the neuritic plasticity which follows rhizotomy. Dorsal rhizotomy resulted in the upregulation of BMPs 2/4, 7 and noggin in the superficial white matter and in the dorsal neuropil of the spinal cord. These co-localized with glial fibrillary acidic protein, indicating their expression by astrocytes. Because BMPs induce dendritic sprouting and synaptogenesis in some neuronal populations in vitro, we hypothesized that administration of a noggin function-blocking antibody (FbAb) in vivo would augment rhizotomy-induced sprouting in the spinal cord. Topical application of noggin-FbAb to the dorsal surface of the spinal cord following rhizotomy resulted in significant increases in the density of microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) and substance P (SP)-positive processes within the lateral spinal nucleus. In the deafferented dorsal horn, noggin-FbAb treatment induced significant increases in the density of SP, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-positive axons. These results suggest a novel mechanism by which endogenous plasticity of spared axons is suppressed following dorsal rhizotomy, and which might be exploited to improve the outcome of spinal cord injury and other CNS trauma.