不同入路选择性脊神经后根切断术对腰椎稳定性的影响

目的了解痉挛性脑瘫患者行腰骶部选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）与圆锥部SPR术后腰椎稳定性的改变。方法对行腰骶部SPR治疗的45例、圆锥部SPR治疗的38例痉挛性脑瘫患者,于术前及术后3个月～7年（平均19个月）拍摄腰椎正、侧位与40。双斜位及过伸过屈位x线片,观察术后腰椎失稳畸形和神经症状发生率及手术前后腰骶角、侧位腰椎Cobb角、弓顶距离及前凸指数、Posner指数等指标。结果①行腰骶部SPR患者腰骶角、侧位腰椎Cobb角、弓顶距离、前凸指数及第1～2腰椎（L1～L2）、第4～5腰椎（L4～L5）、第5腰椎～第1骶椎（L5～S1）Posner指数,手术前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,行圆锥部SPR患者只有第12胸椎～L：间Posner指数手术前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②腰骶部SPR患者术后发生各种腰椎畸形共6例（13％）,伴腰椎不稳的神经症状者3例;圆锥部SPR患者术后发生腰椎畸形2例（5％）,伴神经症状1例。两组差异有统计学意义（X^2=6．63,P〈0．05）。结论痉挛性脑瘫患者SPR术后中短期腰椎稳定性变化不大,圆锥部SPR影响相对很小。远期影响有待进一步随访。     

Ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of the trigeminal peripheral myelinated axons in patients with neuralgia

Objective

Detailed ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination of the trigeminal axons surrounded by the peripheral type of the myelin could add new information about the extent of the trigeminal nerve lesion in neuralgia.

Patients, materials and methods

The examination comprised, firstly, the 10 trigeminal nerve roots (TNRs) in which the neurovascular contact was found in 20% of the cases, and the 2 additional control TNRs. Secondly, the biopsy specimens were taken from 6 patients with trigeminal neuralgia and 2 patients with trigeminal neuropathy following a partial TNR rhizotomy. The specimens were examined under the electron microscope (EM) and/or using the immunohistochemical (IHC) methods.

Results

In addition to the central zone of demyelination, the EM examination of the TNR also revealed alterations of the peripheral myelin, i.e. deformation, thickening, demyelination and remyelination, as well as changes of the peripheral axons, that is, atrophy or hypertrophy, neurofilaments increase, loss of the myelin and sprouting occasionally. Some Schwann cells were also damaged. The IHC examination usually showed a moderate immune reaction against neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), but sporadically weaker reaction against the S-100 protein, synaptophysin (SY), neurofilament protein (NFP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity was weak at some sites, but strong at some other places.

Conclusions

The pathological changes affect not only the central nerve fibers of the TNR, but also some of the peripheral axons, their myelin sheath and Schwann cells. These are signs of the retrograde ultrastructural and biochemical alterations, which could participate in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the trigeminal neuralgia.     

选择性限制性脊神经后根切断术后脑瘫患儿腰椎稳定性的变化

目的观察痉挛型脑瘫患儿选择性限制性脊神经后根切断术(limitedselectiveposteriorrhizotomy,LSPR)后,腰椎稳定性、切除椎板再生及脊柱生长发育情况。方法将125例痉挛型脑瘫患儿根据年龄(<8岁、≥8岁)及手术方式(软组织矫形手术、LSPR手术、软组织矫形 LSPR手术)分组。在手术前、后及随访时,分别摄站立位及动力位腰椎正侧位X线片,测量手术前、后腰骶角、L5S1矢状位椎体位移率等指标。分析比较各组之间及手术前、后各项指标的差异。观察术后切除椎板再生及脊柱生长发育情况。结果(1)软组织矫形手术组手术前、后各项指标差异无统计学意义;(2)LSPR组及软组织矫形 LSPR手术组手术前、后各项指标差异显著;(3)行LSPR手术的<8岁组手术前后各项指标差异有统计学意义,≥8岁组手术前后仅L5S1矢状位椎体位移率差异显著;(4)LSPR术后发现L5S1Ⅰ度滑脱3例(3.90%),脊柱侧凸4例(5.19%,Cobb角15°～34°),腰椎前凸3例(3.90%);(5)LSPR术后见切除椎板部分再生。结论LSPR手术对脑瘫患儿腰椎稳定性有一定影响,但不是惟一的因素。儿童LSPR术后,切除的椎板有再生能力。Lumbar stabilityobservationofchildrenwith cerebralpalsyafterlimitedselectiveposteriorrhizoto-my YANG Chao,WANG Qiu-gen,ZHANG Qiu-lin,etal.Department     

Surgical management of spasticity

Intractable and severe spasticity in childhood has the ability to impact on the quality of life, function and care of the child. Where medical and physical measures have proved insufficient, a surgical approach may be pursued. Irrespective of the underlying pathology, intrathecal baclofen will reduce spasticity in a controllable and reversible fashion, whereas selective dorsal rhizotomy is reserved for the management of bilateral cerebral palsy due to early birth. Owing to the potential for complications of intrathecal baclofen and the permanence of selective dorsal rhizotomy, careful selection and preparation are required to produce satisfactory results.     

选择性脊神经后根切断结合矫形手术治疗脑瘫所致肢体痉挛

作者采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)结合矫形术治疗39例脑瘫所致肢体痉挛患者,通过临床实践和6月～4年随访观察,发现SPR能够有效地解除肌肉痉挛,纠正动力性畸形,不易复发,但对于较明显的固定挛缩畸形,必须同时配合Ⅱ期矫形手术,方能达到预期效果。强调术后肌力强化训练的必要性。对于手术患者年龄选择、手术适应证、手术操作技术、神经根切断比例及疗效判断标准提出了自己的看法。     

显微外科手术治疗三叉神经痛169例临床研究

目的　研究显微外科手术治疗三叉神经痛 (trigeminalneuralgia ,TN)的临床治疗效果 ;分析手术效果、并发症和随访结果 ,探讨可能的治疗机制。方法　 2 0 0 0年 12月到 2 0 0 3年 10月间 ,16 9例TN患者接受了显微外科手术 ,其中 14 9患者行微血管减压 (MVD) ,12例联合行MVD和神经根切断术 ,8例行肿瘤切除术。术前、术后进行直观模拟量表 (VisualAnalogueScales ,VAS)和McGill疼痛问卷 (McGillPainQuestionnaire)评分。患者全部进行了电话或信件随访。结果　术后疼痛消失 131例 ,疼痛减轻 36例 ,疼痛无变化 2例。按照Taha等的评估标准 ,16 9例患者中 ,12 8例治疗结果优 ,2 6例良好 ,8例中等 ,5例差 ,2例失败。术前、术后VAS评分分别为 8.86和0 .4 8;术前、术后McGill疼痛问卷评分为 5 2 .5 0和 1.94。统计结果表明手术前后疼痛改变有显著性差异。手术并发症多为暂时性。本组患者随访时间 134月 ,平均随访时间为 15 .3± 6 .5月 ,随访期间有 4例复发。结论　微血管减压解除了TN的常见病因 ,术后无面部麻木 ,完全保留了三叉神经的功能 ,是一种治疗TN的安全有效的方法。运用VAS和McGill评分进行TN疼痛强度评分 ,比简单的治疗效果分类 (如治愈 ,有效和无效 )更为客观和精确。     

Surgical treatment of spasticity in children: comparison of selective dorsal rhizotomy and intrathecal baclofen pump implantation

Introduction Neurosurgical treatments for spasticity in children include the traditional selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) and intrathecal baclofen pumps (ITBPs), which have been widely used in the past decade as an attractive alternative. The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the outcomes of these two procedures in the treatment of children with severe spasticity. Materials and methods A consecutive series of 71 children who underwent SDR for treatment of spasticity was compared with a group of 71 children matched by age and preoperative score on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) who underwent ITBP placement. Change in GMFCS score, lower-extremity tone (based on the Modified Ashworth–Bohannon Scale), and lower-extremity passive range of movement (PROM) at 1 year as well as the need for subsequent orthopedic procedures and parents’ satisfaction were selected as outcome measures. Results At 1 year, both SDR and ITBP decreased tone, increased PROM, and improved function. Both procedures resulted in a high degree of patient satisfaction. Compared with ITBP, SDR provided a larger magnitude of improvement in tone (−2.52 vs −1.23, p < 0.0001), PROM (−0.77 vs −0.39, p = 0.0138), and gross motor function (−0.66 vs −0.08, p < 0.0001). In addition, fewer patients in the SDR group required subsequent orthopedic procedures (19.1 vs 40.8%, p = 0.0106). Conclusions For children with moderate to severe spasticity, SDR and ITBP are both effective surgical treatments. Our results indicate SDR is more effective in reducing the degree of spasticity and improving function than ITBP is in this group of patients.     

Surgical Treatment for Trigeminal Neuralgia

Various treatments for trigeminal neuralgia (TN) are known to yield initial satisfactory results; however, the surgical treatment has excellent long-term outcomes and a low recurrence rate. Surgical treatment addresses the challenge of vascular compression, which accounts for 85% of the causes of TN. As for surgical treatment for TN, microvascular decompression (MVD) has become the surgical treatment of choice after Peter J. Jannetta reported the results of MVD surgery in 1996. Since then, many studies have reported a success rate of over 90% for the initial surgical treatment. Most MVDs aim to separate (decompress) the culprit vessel from the trigeminal nerve. To increase the success rate of surgery, accurate indications for MVD and management of the offender vessels without complications are critical. In addition, if there is no vascular compression, partial sensory rhizotomy or internal neurolysis can be performed to improve surgical outcomes.     

神经肌电图监测在选择性脊神经后根切除术中的应用

目的:探讨神经肌电图监测在选择性脊神经后根切除术(SPR)中的应用价值。方法:对5例行SPR患者进行术中电刺激阈值及行为反应观察,对阈值较低、有反应扩散现象的神经小束予以切除。结果:5例行SPR患者,术后4例痉挛性脑性瘫痪患儿术后肌张力明显下降,痉挛获得不同程度解除,1例颈脊髓外伤后痉挛性瘫痪患者肌张力下降,痉挛减轻。5例均无感觉功能障碍、肌张力过低等并发症。结论:根据神经肌电图监测方法来施行SPR简单、可靠。它对如何确定选切比例与范围、最小化手术并发症、最大化肢体痉挛缓解起到重要作用。