不同入路选择性脊神经后根切断术对腰椎稳定性的影响

目的了解痉挛性脑瘫患者行腰骶部选择性脊神经后根切断术（SPR）与圆锥部SPR术后腰椎稳定性的改变。方法对行腰骶部SPR治疗的45例、圆锥部SPR治疗的38例痉挛性脑瘫患者,于术前及术后3个月～7年（平均19个月）拍摄腰椎正、侧位与40。双斜位及过伸过屈位x线片,观察术后腰椎失稳畸形和神经症状发生率及手术前后腰骶角、侧位腰椎Cobb角、弓顶距离及前凸指数、Posner指数等指标。结果①行腰骶部SPR患者腰骶角、侧位腰椎Cobb角、弓顶距离、前凸指数及第1～2腰椎（L1～L2）、第4～5腰椎（L4～L5）、第5腰椎～第1骶椎（L5～S1）Posner指数,手术前后比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,行圆锥部SPR患者只有第12胸椎～L：间Posner指数手术前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;②腰骶部SPR患者术后发生各种腰椎畸形共6例（13％）,伴腰椎不稳的神经症状者3例;圆锥部SPR患者术后发生腰椎畸形2例（5％）,伴神经症状1例。两组差异有统计学意义（X^2=6．63,P〈0．05）。结论痉挛性脑瘫患者SPR术后中短期腰椎稳定性变化不大,圆锥部SPR影响相对很小。远期影响有待进一步随访。     

Ultrastructure and immunohistochemistry of the trigeminal peripheral myelinated axons in patients with neuralgia

Objective

Detailed ultrastructural and immunohistochemical examination of the trigeminal axons surrounded by the peripheral type of the myelin could add new information about the extent of the trigeminal nerve lesion in neuralgia.

Patients, materials and methods

The examination comprised, firstly, the 10 trigeminal nerve roots (TNRs) in which the neurovascular contact was found in 20% of the cases, and the 2 additional control TNRs. Secondly, the biopsy specimens were taken from 6 patients with trigeminal neuralgia and 2 patients with trigeminal neuropathy following a partial TNR rhizotomy. The specimens were examined under the electron microscope (EM) and/or using the immunohistochemical (IHC) methods.

Results

In addition to the central zone of demyelination, the EM examination of the TNR also revealed alterations of the peripheral myelin, i.e. deformation, thickening, demyelination and remyelination, as well as changes of the peripheral axons, that is, atrophy or hypertrophy, neurofilaments increase, loss of the myelin and sprouting occasionally. Some Schwann cells were also damaged. The IHC examination usually showed a moderate immune reaction against neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP9.5), but sporadically weaker reaction against the S-100 protein, synaptophysin (SY), neurofilament protein (NFP) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity was weak at some sites, but strong at some other places.

Conclusions

The pathological changes affect not only the central nerve fibers of the TNR, but also some of the peripheral axons, their myelin sheath and Schwann cells. These are signs of the retrograde ultrastructural and biochemical alterations, which could participate in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying the trigeminal neuralgia.     

高选择性腰脊神经后根定量切断治疗痉挛性脑瘫

目的:评定高选择性腰脊神经后根定量切断治疗痉挛性脑瘫的临床疗效,为痉挛性脑瘫患者临床治疗提供依据。方法:本组198例,男103例,女95例;年龄4~20岁。按脑瘫诊断分型标准:双下肢痉挛型120例,四肢痉挛型62例,混合型16例。手术采取限制性椎板切除,神经阈值测定仪测量腰脊神经后根的兴奋性后,行腰脊神经后根的高选择性定量切断。结果:194例下肢痉挛消除,按Ash-worth肌张力标准,下肢肌张力平均下降3·0级,12例上肢肌张力平均下降1·1级,眼斜视、流涎及语言障碍等伴随症状也有改善。根据疗效评定标准:优172例,良18例,一般8例。结论:高选择性腰脊神经后根切断术能够有效地解除下肢痉挛,降低下肢肌张力。定量法使腰脊神经后根的切断量更为精确,提高了疗效。     

选择性限制性脊神经后根切断术后脑瘫患儿腰椎稳定性的变化

目的观察痉挛型脑瘫患儿选择性限制性脊神经后根切断术(limitedselectiveposteriorrhizotomy,LSPR)后,腰椎稳定性、切除椎板再生及脊柱生长发育情况。方法将125例痉挛型脑瘫患儿根据年龄(<8岁、≥8岁)及手术方式(软组织矫形手术、LSPR手术、软组织矫形 LSPR手术)分组。在手术前、后及随访时,分别摄站立位及动力位腰椎正侧位X线片,测量手术前、后腰骶角、L5S1矢状位椎体位移率等指标。分析比较各组之间及手术前、后各项指标的差异。观察术后切除椎板再生及脊柱生长发育情况。结果(1)软组织矫形手术组手术前、后各项指标差异无统计学意义;(2)LSPR组及软组织矫形 LSPR手术组手术前、后各项指标差异显著;(3)行LSPR手术的<8岁组手术前后各项指标差异有统计学意义,≥8岁组手术前后仅L5S1矢状位椎体位移率差异显著;(4)LSPR术后发现L5S1Ⅰ度滑脱3例(3.90%),脊柱侧凸4例(5.19%,Cobb角15°～34°),腰椎前凸3例(3.90%);(5)LSPR术后见切除椎板部分再生。结论LSPR手术对脑瘫患儿腰椎稳定性有一定影响,但不是惟一的因素。儿童LSPR术后,切除的椎板有再生能力。Lumbar stabilityobservationofchildrenwith cerebralpalsyafterlimitedselectiveposteriorrhizoto-my YANG Chao,WANG Qiu-gen,ZHANG Qiu-lin,etal.Department     

选择性脊神经后根切断结合矫形手术治疗脑瘫所致肢体痉挛

作者采用选择性脊神经后根切断术(SPR)结合矫形术治疗39例脑瘫所致肢体痉挛患者,通过临床实践和6月～4年随访观察,发现SPR能够有效地解除肌肉痉挛,纠正动力性畸形,不易复发,但对于较明显的固定挛缩畸形,必须同时配合Ⅱ期矫形手术,方能达到预期效果。强调术后肌力强化训练的必要性。对于手术患者年龄选择、手术适应证、手术操作技术、神经根切断比例及疗效判断标准提出了自己的看法。     

腰4脊神经切断大鼠慢性神经病理性疼痛模型的建立

目的 建立LI脊神经切断大鼠慢性神经病理性疼痛模型，并初步评价其可靠性。方法 成年雄性大鼠，体重270—310g，随机分为3组。实验组行右侧L4神经切断术（n=12）；假手术组仅暴露右侧L4神经而不予切断（n=8）；对照组不实施任何外科操作（n=8）。术后1—8周，采用改良von Frey法测定大鼠后足的机械缩爪阈值，并用冷丙酮法对大鼠后足冷刺激疼痛评分进行评分，1次／周，连续测定8周。结果 与假手术组及对照组比较，实验组术侧机械缩爪阈值降低（P〈0．05）。与术前比较，术后1—8周实验组术侧机械缩爪阈值降低（P〈0．01）；非手术侧术后仅4周时机械缩爪阈值下降（P〈0．05）。与假手术组、对照组比较，实验组术侧后足冷刺激疼痛评分增高（P〈0．05）。与对照组比较，术后1—2周假手术组术侧后足冷刺激疼痛评分增高（P〈0．05），术后2周后恢复正常（P〉0．05）。与术前比较，术后1～8周实验组术侧后足冷刺激疼痛评分增高（P〈0．05），非术侧无明显变化（P〉0．05）。结论 L4脊神经切断后，机械刺激和冷刺激均可诱发大鼠后足明显而持久的痛觉过敏和感觉异常，该慢性神经病理性疼痛动物模型具有一定的可靠性。     

显微外科手术治疗三叉神经痛169例临床研究

目的　研究显微外科手术治疗三叉神经痛 (trigeminalneuralgia ,TN)的临床治疗效果 ;分析手术效果、并发症和随访结果 ,探讨可能的治疗机制。方法　 2 0 0 0年 12月到 2 0 0 3年 10月间 ,16 9例TN患者接受了显微外科手术 ,其中 14 9患者行微血管减压 (MVD) ,12例联合行MVD和神经根切断术 ,8例行肿瘤切除术。术前、术后进行直观模拟量表 (VisualAnalogueScales ,VAS)和McGill疼痛问卷 (McGillPainQuestionnaire)评分。患者全部进行了电话或信件随访。结果　术后疼痛消失 131例 ,疼痛减轻 36例 ,疼痛无变化 2例。按照Taha等的评估标准 ,16 9例患者中 ,12 8例治疗结果优 ,2 6例良好 ,8例中等 ,5例差 ,2例失败。术前、术后VAS评分分别为 8.86和0 .4 8;术前、术后McGill疼痛问卷评分为 5 2 .5 0和 1.94。统计结果表明手术前后疼痛改变有显著性差异。手术并发症多为暂时性。本组患者随访时间 134月 ,平均随访时间为 15 .3± 6 .5月 ,随访期间有 4例复发。结论　微血管减压解除了TN的常见病因 ,术后无面部麻木 ,完全保留了三叉神经的功能 ,是一种治疗TN的安全有效的方法。运用VAS和McGill评分进行TN疼痛强度评分 ,比简单的治疗效果分类 (如治愈 ,有效和无效 )更为客观和精确。     

Surgical treatment of spasticity in children: comparison of selective dorsal rhizotomy and intrathecal baclofen pump implantation

Introduction Neurosurgical treatments for spasticity in children include the traditional selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) and intrathecal baclofen pumps (ITBPs), which have been widely used in the past decade as an attractive alternative. The purpose of the study was to examine and compare the outcomes of these two procedures in the treatment of children with severe spasticity. Materials and methods A consecutive series of 71 children who underwent SDR for treatment of spasticity was compared with a group of 71 children matched by age and preoperative score on the Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) who underwent ITBP placement. Change in GMFCS score, lower-extremity tone (based on the Modified Ashworth–Bohannon Scale), and lower-extremity passive range of movement (PROM) at 1 year as well as the need for subsequent orthopedic procedures and parents’ satisfaction were selected as outcome measures. Results At 1 year, both SDR and ITBP decreased tone, increased PROM, and improved function. Both procedures resulted in a high degree of patient satisfaction. Compared with ITBP, SDR provided a larger magnitude of improvement in tone (−2.52 vs −1.23, p < 0.0001), PROM (−0.77 vs −0.39, p = 0.0138), and gross motor function (−0.66 vs −0.08, p < 0.0001). In addition, fewer patients in the SDR group required subsequent orthopedic procedures (19.1 vs 40.8%, p = 0.0106). Conclusions For children with moderate to severe spasticity, SDR and ITBP are both effective surgical treatments. Our results indicate SDR is more effective in reducing the degree of spasticity and improving function than ITBP is in this group of patients.     

Multidimensional outcome measure of selective dorsal rhizotomy in spastic cerebral palsy

BackgroundOne of the treatment option to reduce spasticity in cerebral palsy children is selective dorsal rhizotomy. Several studies have demonstrated short and long term improvements in gait and other activities after rhizotomy but this surgery still remains a controversial procedure and patient outcome indicators measures are not uniform.AimsTo describe our assessment and outcome evaluation protocol and to verify by this protocol short term results of rhizotomy.MethodsWe recruited 9 cerebral palsy children (mean age 7.9 years ± 3.2) affected by mild to moderate spastic diplegia and operated by rhizotomy. Patients were studied preoperatively and at 12 months after surgery by the following clinical and instrumental measures correlated to the International Classification of Functioning: modified Ashworth Scale, passive Range of Motion, Medical Research Council Scale, Selective Motor Control Scale, 3D-motion analysis and energy cost of locomotion measurements (indicators of “body functions”); Gross Motor Functional Measure and Motor Functional Independence Measure (indicators of “activities and participation”).ResultsOur data showed, after rhizotomy, reduction of spasticity specially in plantarflexors muscles (p < 0.01), increase of strength of knee flexors/extensors and foot plantar/dorsiflexion muscles (p < 0.01), improvement of selective motor control (p < 0.05), more similar spatio-temporal parameters of gait analysis to healthy subjects, reduced equinus foot and knees hyperflexion as energy cost.ConclusionThe complementary use of multiple indicators may improve the evaluation of the results of dorsal rhizotomy. A beneficial outcome measured by these indicators has been found in our spastic diplegic children one year after rhizotomy.