Predictors of prostate cancer on extended biopsy in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia: a multivariate analysis model

OBJECTIVE: To define the importance of extended biopsy in patients with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN) and to define predictors of cancer in extended biopsy in patients with HGPIN, using multivariate analysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In all, 83 patients with previous sextant biopsy of HGPIN had an extended 11-core biopsy taken. Patients with a negative biopsy for cancer were followed by serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) every 6 months. The extended biopsy was repeated in 21 patients. The criteria for second biopsy were an increase in PSA and/or abnormal changes on DRE. Overall, 49 patients had a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The cancer-detection rate on extended biopsy was correlated with risk factors using the chi-square test and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Extended biopsy detected prostate cancer in 30 of the 83 men (36%), with positive cores in only 20 sextant biopsy sites (67%), in only seven in additional sites (23%), and both in three (10%). Of the 21 patients who had repeat extended biopsy, four (19%) had cancers. There were two carcinomas in the 49 TURP specimens (4%). The PSA level, DRE and transrectal ultrasonography findings were not predictive of cancer in extended biopsies (chi-square test). Patient age, PSA density and the number of cores with HGPIN (all P < 0.001) had a significant effect on the cancer-detection rate, and multivariate analysis showed that all three were independent predictors of cancer. A logistic regression model was designed to predict the probability of cancer in extended biopsy, with an overall accuracy of 78%. CONCLUSION: Extended biopsy improved the cancer detection rate by 23% in patients with HGPIN. Patient age, PSA density and the number of cores with HGPIN were the only independent predictors of cancer.     

Failure of High Risk Women to Produce Nipple Aspirate Fluid Does Not Exclude Detection of Cytologic Atypia in Random Periareolar Fine Needle Aspiration Specimens

INTRODUCTION: Evidence of hyperplasia with atypia found both on random periareolar fine needle aspiration (RPFNA) and in nipple aspirate fluid (NAF) fluid are associated with an increased risk for breast cancer. AIM: In this study, we report the correlation of NAF production with cytological assessment of ductal cells obtained by RPFNA. METHODS: 113 women at high risk for development of breast cancer attending the Breast Cancer Prevention Clinic at the University of Kansas Medical Center underwent a single NAF collection attempt and RPFNA. RESULTS: NAF was successfully collected in 51% of women. There was no significant difference in age, 5-year Gail risk assessment, menopausal status, hormone use, family history of breast cancer, history of prior atypical hyperplasia/LCIS or history of contralateral DCIS/invasive breast cancer between women who produced NAF and those that did not. The only significant difference between the two groups was in history of prior lactation (p = 0.018). Twenty-seven of the 113 subjects were found to have hyperplasia with atypia by RPFNA was 31% in women who produced NAF versus 16% in those who did not (p = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Although prevalence of RPFNA atypia was numerically higher in NAF producers than non-producers the difference did not reach statistical significance. Failure to produce NAF does not exclude the presence of hyperplasia with atypia by random periareolar fine needle aspiration.     

不宜切除小肝癌射频与射频联合全身化疗的随机对照初步研究

目的 研究射频联合化疗治疗不宜切除小肝癌的临床安全性以及对肝癌原位复发率的影响。方法 ≤3cm不宜切除的原发性肝癌患者38例,其中27例1年随访资料完整。根据射频与射频联合全身化疗的随机分组方案入选标准,射频组12例,射频联合全身化疗组15例。在超声引导下行多电极射频治疗。化疗方案为：表阿霉素50mg,d1,3,静推;顺铂40mg,d1,3,静滴;氟脲嘧啶500mg,d1,2,3,静滴。观察患者术后1,4,7d的肝功能、血常规和并发症,术后1,6,12个月复查GT(增强),评价两组患者治疗的安全性及原位复发率。结果 两组射频术后1个月,均无原位复发。射频联合全身化疗组6,12个月的原位复发率较单射频组明显下降,差异有显著性。两组均无严重并发症,肝功能、血常规变化差异无显著性。结论 对≤3cm不宜切除的原发性肝癌患者,射频联合全身化疗是安全的,并能降低肝癌原位复发率。     

Sphincter electromyography in diagnosis of multiple system atrophy: technical issues

Possible technical reasons for the controversy over the role of sphincter electromyography (EMG) in the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy (MSA) were analyzed. In a review of the literature, a high sensitivity (>60%) was found reported in 11 studies that included late components, and no value of the test was found in 4 studies that excluded them. This was also corroborated in a pilot study of 5 patients with probable MSA. With late components included, the mean motor unit potential (MUP) duration was prolonged in all 4 patients with an adequate single-MUP analysis sample and, with late components excluded, in 2 of 5 patients on multi-MUP analysis. At least in diagnostic EMG of MSA patients, late components should be included in the measurement of MUP duration.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for unresectable large hepatic tumours during hepatic blood flow occlusion in four patients

AIM: To evaluate percutaneous radiofrequency (RF) ablation therapy for unresectable large hepatic tumours combined with regional interruption of hepatic blood flow, and to assess the safety and efficacy of this procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four patients with hepatic tumours were enrolled in this study. Patients were treated by a single session of RF ablation during occlusion of both hepatic artery and hepatic vein. Tumour size ranged from 45-57 mm (mean 50.2 mm). Initial therapeutic efficacy was evaluated with helical computed tomography (CT) performed within 9 days after the treatment. CT or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed every 2-3 months thereafter. RESULTS: The largest axis of coagulated lesions after the ablation was 50-60 mm (mean 56.5 mm) in diameter. The ablation therapy was considered complete in three patients; after a mean follow-up of 12.7 months, CT and MRI revealed complete destruction of their tumours. One patient required further treatment. No severe complications occurred. CONCLUSION: Although further studies are needed, in this limited clinical trial a local ablation area exceeding 50 mm in diameter was achieved safely.     

Blood and body fluid exposure risks among health care workers: results from the Duke Health and Safety Surveillance System

BACKGROUND: Health care workers (HCWs) are at risk of exposures to human blood and body fluids (BBF). Needlestick injuries and splashes place HCWs at risk for numerous blood-borne infections including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B (HBV), and hepatitis C (HCV). Utilizing a new comprehensive occupational health surveillance system, the objective of this research was to better define the BBF exposure risk and risk factors among employees of a large tertiary medical center. METHODS: A population of 24,425 HCWs employed in jobs with potential BBF exposures was followed for BBF exposure events from 1998 to 2002. BBF exposure rates were calculated for strata defined by age, race, gender, occupation, work location, and duration of employment. Poisson regression was used for detailed analyses of risk factors for BBF exposure. RESULTS: The study population reported 2,730 BBF exposures during the study period, resulting in an overall annual rate of 5.5 events/100 FTEs and a rate of 3.9 for percutaneous exposures. Higher rates were observed for males, persons employed less than 4 years, Hispanic employees, and persons less than 45 years of age. Much higher rates were observed for house staff, nurse anesthetists, inpatient nurses, phlebotomists, and surgical/operating room technicians. Poisson regression results strengthened and extended results from stratified analyses. Rates of percutaneous exposures from hollow needles were found to decrease over the study period; however, exposure rates from suture needles appear to be increasing. CONCLUSION: While continued training efforts need to be directed toward new HCWs, our data also suggest that employees who have been in their job 1-4 years continue to be at higher risk of BBF exposures. This research also points to the need for better safety devices/products and work practices to reduce suture-related injuries.     

Core needle biopsy (CNB) as a diagnostic method for breast lesions: Comparison with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNA)

In Japan, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNA) of the breast has long been recognized as a useful diagnostic tool, and has been used in many institutions because it provides a rapid, accurate and cost-effective evaluation. However, the use of core needle biopsy (CNB) is increasing, and vacuum assisted biopsy devices have been developed to produce larger specimens for analysis. CNB is useful because the frequency of inadequate specimens is lower than in FNA, and it requires a less invasive procedure than open biopsy. CNB is also more widely used, compared to FNA, because it can provide a more definitive diagnosis of borderline lesions and can be used to distinguish between IDC and ILC. Therefore, the use of CNB with mammographic or ultrasonographic guidance is especially high for non-palpable tumors. FNA is a rapid and non-invasive procedure that is useful for mass lesions. The accuracy of FNA for non-palpable lesions is relatively low, and depends upon the skill of the aspirators, cytoscreeners and cytopathologists involved in the procedure. However, FNA for palpable masses, coupled with a physical and mammographic examination (the so-called triple test) is highly accurate for diagnosis of breast cancer when all three modalities indicate malignancy, and for a benign lesion when all three are negative.     

Forgotten needle--an unusual cause of chronic pelvic pain

Case report A case presented with chronic pelvic pain since a Fothergills repair 9 years back. Over the years she had received multiple courses of antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs to no avail.Results Thorough evaluation revealed the presence of a foreign body in the form of a surgical needle in the cervix.     

Parotid gland metastasis from renal cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the diagnosis and management of metastatic renal cell carcinoma presenting as a parotid mass by studying such cases. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective review. METHODS: Identification of 24 previously reported cases of renal cell carcinoma metastatic to the parotid gland in the English language literature and an analysis of a total of 25 patients including our case. RESULTS: Parotid metastasis was the initial presenting sign of the malignancy in the kidney in 14 of 25 (56%) cases; 11 of 25 (44%) cases presented with metachronous metastasis to the parotid. The most common presenting complaint was parotid mass. No case presented with facial paralysis. In three of six (50%) patients, fine-needle aspiration biopsy was diagnostic. CONCLUSIONS: In the majority of cases, parotid metastases are the first clinical sign of the renal cell carcinoma. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy can provide crucial information without parotidectomy as in our case. Parotidectomy with facial nerve preservation should be considered as a therapeutic option for solitary parotid metastasis.     

Utility and outcomes of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in Hodgkin's disease

We present our 10-year experience, including clinical utilization and outcomes, with fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) in Hodgkin's disease (HD). Eighty-six cases from 68 patients with HD that were evaluated by FNAB were identified over a 10-year period. Medical records of these 68 patients were reviewed. Thirty-seven patients with primary HD underwent 41 aspirates. A diagnosis of HD was yielded in 12 and suggested in 13 cases (sensitivity 86.2%, false-positive 0%). Nine were diagnosed as atypical lymphoid cells, four as hyperplasia/other, and three as unsatisfactory. With these diagnoses, six patients began treatment without tissue exam. Thirty-five patients with suspected recurrent HD underwent 45 FNABs. Recurrent HD was confirmed in 15 and suggested in 12 aspirates (sensitivity 81.3%, false-suspicious 14.3%). With these diagnoses, 22 patients began treatment for recurrence without tissue exam. FNAB is useful both for establishing a primary diagnosis and confirming recurrence in HD and thus has a high utilization at our institution. In many instances, patients can begin therapy, negating the need for formal tissue exam.