疑病症的预设信念冲突理论的研究进展

疑病症是一种充满争论且难以治疗的躯体形式障碍。近年来,研究者们开始关注心理创伤对心理健康的影响,并为创伤后应激障碍和强迫症等焦虑障碍构建了相应的理论。疑病症与心理创伤关系密切,而且在症状学上与一些焦虑障碍相似。现探索性地从心理创伤的角度提出疑病症的预设信念冲突理论。未来研究可对该理论的合理性进行验证,并在其基础上建立更为整合的模型。     

门诊抗菌药物处方不合理应用干预研究

目的 分析药师对门诊抗菌药物处方合理应用的干预作用,提高细菌性感染的抗菌治疗水平,保障患者用药安全及减少细菌耐药性。方法 随机抽取中国人民解放军总医院第六医学中心门诊2017年11月1日—2018年3月31日抗菌药物处方作为对照组（干预前）,另抽取2018年6月1日—2018年10月30日抗菌药物处方作为观察组（干预后）。每月抽取1 500张,两组各7 500张。对抗菌药物干预前后的使用率、不合理处方数以及不合理处方主要存在问题进行分析。结果 与干预前比较,干预后门诊抗菌药物的使用率由12.18%下降到8.23%（χ2=2 785.244、P=0.000）;不合理处方比例由56.53‰下降到16.13‰（χ2=174.81、P=0.000）。不合理应用抗菌药物的处方主要问题为不规范处方、用药与诊断不符、遴选药物不适宜、给药途径不适宜、用法用量不适宜、药物相互作用,干预后与干预前比较,差异比较均有统计学意义（χ2分别为10.30、29.57、12.77、9.16、102.74、9.32,P分别为0.001、0.000、0.000、0.002、0.000、0.002）。结论 药师干预后,抗菌药物的使用率、不合理处方率有明显下降趋势。医生能安全、有效、合理应用抗菌药物,体现了药师干预在合理应用抗菌药物中的积极作用。     

短期运动干预方案对外科2型糖尿病住院患者术前血糖影响的初步研究

 目的 初步探讨短期运动干预方案对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)住院患者外科术前血糖的影响。方法 选择2017-08至2018-06解放军总医院第三医学中心收治的合并T2DM拟实施手术的住院患者45例,采用随机数字表法分为中强度间歇运动组、低强度持续运动组及对照组,每组15例。对运动组患者进行为期3~5 d不同强度和方式的运动干预;相同条件下对照组患者仅实施术前基础护理和常规宣教。随即通过生化检查和动态血糖监测系统(CGMS)评估干预前后3组患者空腹血糖(FPG)、餐后血糖(PPG)、空腹胰岛素(Fins)、稳态模型胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR),以及稳态模型胰岛素敏感指数自然对数(lnIS)以观察患者短期内血糖管控情况。结果 (1)运动组患者经过3 d运动干预后,中强度运动组血糖整体达标率高于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);运动组的血糖指标中除FPG外,其余各项均低于对照组(P＜0.05);其中中强度间歇运动较低强度持续运动在患者PPG改善方面效果更为显著(P＜0.05)。(2)运动干预方案实施5 d后,低强度持续运动组患者血糖指标中PPG指标低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中强度间歇运动组患者除FPG外,其余各项血糖指标较对照组均发生显著变化,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05)。结论 短期运动干预方案对2型糖尿病术前血糖调控有积极作用。     

Incidence of Chronic Radiodermatitis after Fluoroscopically Guided Interventions: A Retrospective Study

PurposeTo assess the incidence and risk factors for chronic radiodermatitis after fluoroscopically guided interventions (FGIs) in high-risk patients.Materials and MethodsBetween 2010 and 2016, of 55,782 patients who underwent FGIs, 359 had a risk procedure for skin injury (maximal skin dose > 3 Gy, air kerma > 5 Gy, dose area product [DAP] > 500 Gy.cm², or fluoroscopy time > 60 minutes). Ninety-one of these patients were examined by a dermatologist for radiodermatitis (median time after procedure, 31.2 months [95% confidence interval, 14.2–50.7]). In each case, the clinical features and topography of the skin lesions were recorded and their incidence calculated. The characteristics of the patients and of the FGIs were tested as risk factors.ResultsEight patients (8.8%) had chronic radiodermatitis; 19 (20.9%) had acute radiodermatitis. Body mass index, DAP value, and air kerma were the only risk factors identified.ConclusionsThis study shows that chronic radiodermatitis may be considered a frequent side effect in an at-risk population. The lesions are commonly benign, but extensive sclerosis can occur. Patients should be better informed about the side effects and offered a skin exam periodically.     

Intervenir précocement dans les stades débutants du trouble bipolaire : pourquoi,quand et comment

ObjectivesBipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and severe psychiatric disease. There are often significant delays prior to diagnosis, and only 30 to 40 % of patients will experience complete remission. Since BD occurs most often at a young age, the disorder can seriously obstruct future socio-professional development and integration. Vulnerability-stress model of BD is considered to be the result of an interaction between vulnerability genes and environmental risk factors, which leads to the onset of the disorder most often in late adolescence or early adulthood. The clinical “staging” model of BD situates the subject in a clinical continuum of varying degrees of severity (at-risk status, first episode, full-blown BD). Given the demonstrated effectiveness of early intervention in the early stages of psychotic disorder, we posit that early intervention for early stages of BD (i.e. at-risk status and first episode mania or hypomania) would reduce the duration of untreated illness and optimize the chances of therapeutic response and recovery.MethodsWe conducted a narrative review of the literature to gather updated data on: (1) features of early stages: risk factors, at-risk symptoms, clinical specificities of the first manic episode; (2) early screening: targeted populations and psychometric tools; (3) early treatment: settings and therapeutic approaches for the early stages of BD.Results(1) Features of early stages: among genetic risk factors, we highlighted the diagnosis of BD in relatives and affective temperament including as cyclothymic, depressive, anxious and dysphoric. Regarding prenatal environmental risk, we identified peripartum factors such as maternal stress, smoking and viral infections, prematurity and cesarean delivery. Later in the neurodevelopmental course, stressful events and child psychiatric disorders are recognized as increasing the risk of developing BD in adolescence. At-risk symptoms could be classified as “distal” with early but aspecific expressions including anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, decreased cognitive performance, and more specific “proximal” symptoms which correspond to subsyndromic hypomanic symptoms that increase in intensity as the first episode of BD approaches. Specific clinical expressions have been described to assess the risk of BD in individuals with depression. Irritability, mixed and psychotic features are often observed in the first manic episode. (2) Early screening: some individuals with higher risk need special attention for screening, such as children of people with BD. Indeed, it is shown that children with at least one parent with BD have around 50 % risk of developing BD during adolescence or early adulthood. Groups of individuals presenting other risk factors, experiencing an early stage of psychosis or depressive disorders should also be considered as targeted populations for BD screening. Three questionnaires have been validated to screen for the presence of at-risk symptoms of BD: the Hypomanic Personality Scale, the Child Behavior Checklist-Paediatric Bipolar Disorder, and the General Behavior Inventory. In parallel, ultra-high risk criteria for bipolar affective disorder (“bipolar at-risk”) distinguishing three categories of at-risk states for BD have been developed. (3) Early treatment: clinical overlap between first psychotic and manic episode and the various trajectories of the at-risk status have led early intervention services (EIS) for psychosis to reach out for people with an early stage of BD. EIS offers complete biopsychosocial evaluations involving a psychiatric examination, semi-structured interviews, neuropsychological assessments and complementary biological and neuroimaging investigations. Key components of EIS are a youth-friendly approach, specialized and intensive care and client-centered case management model. Pharmaceutical treatments for at-risk individuals are essentially symptomatic, while guidelines recommend the use of a non-antipsychotic mood stabilizer as first-line monotherapy for the first manic or hypomanic episode. Non-pharmacological approaches including psychoeducation, psychotherapy and rehabilitation have proven efficacy and should be considered for both at-risk and first episode of BD.ConclusionsEIS for psychosis might consider developing and implementing screening and treatment approaches for individuals experiencing an early stage of BD. Several opportunities for progress on early intervention in the early stages of BD can be drawn. Training first-line practitioners to identify at-risk subjects would be relevant to optimize screening of this population. Biomarkers including functional and structural imaging measures of specific cortical regions and inflammation proteins including IL-6 rates constitute promising leads for predicting the risk of transition to full-blown BD. From a therapeutic perspective, the use of neuroprotective agents such as folic acid has shown particularly encouraging results in delaying the emergence of BD. Large-scale studies and long-term follow-up are still needed to achieve consensus in the use of screening and treatment tools. The development of specific recommendations for the early stages of BD is warranted.     

Caregivers of people with disorders of consciousness: Relationship continuity and rupture

ObjectivesThis study seeks to better understand caregivers’ experience of the support their loved ones, with disorders of consciousness, receive in a dedicated unit.MethodsThe focus here is on the qualitative component of a larger study that also includes a quantitative component. An inductive and iterative approach was privileged, i.e., one similar to grounded theory; a thematic analysis was used to analyze 20 comprehensive semi-structured interviews.ResultsThree main themes emerged: the discovery of a new world by a patient's loved ones, i.e., the disorders of consciousness; the psychological and somatic impact on loved ones; and the relationships between family caregivers and professionals of the dedicated unit.DiscussionThe new living situation of people in an disorders of consciousness state of consciousness requires caregivers to engage in an intense psychological process. First, this is necessary to understand the situation and its consequences. Second, it allows them to cope with the reorganization of the emotional and relational ties between the patient and the caregiver, and in the entire family dynamic. Lastly, healthcare professionals consider that caregivers are also the witnesses of the patient's past life, capable of linking the past and present, and often the interpreters of patients’ emotional reactions according to their former personality.ConclusionCaregivers are affected by the frailty and somatic dependence of their loved ones, and they also bear the history and psychological continuity of patients. Professionals must take into account this double burden, which helps explain families’ psychological exhaustion and their need for help. Understanding these phenomena is crucial for improving patient care in dedicated units.     

Effectiveness of the internet based parent education program on applied behavior analysis for parents of children with autism spectrum disorder

BackgroundParent education (PE) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is recognized as an important component of support for families living with ASD. Specifically, the knowledge of how to interact with children based on applied behavior analysis (ABA) is useful for parents. In this study, a short-term, internet based on-demand PE program was conducted for parents of children with ASD to acquire knowledge of ABA and basic teaching techniques.MethodsParents of children with ASD were recruited as study participants. They attended on-demand lectures from their homes, performed homework tasks based on lecture content and emailed them to our team. The General Health Questionnaire 30 (GHQ) and Knowledge of Behavioral Principle as Applied to Children (KBPAC) were assessed before and after the program.ResultsOf the 25 participants, 21 attended all programs and completed all homework tasks and pre- and post-assessments. However, communication among participants via the bulletin board was low. KBPAC scores increased significantly from pre- to post-program scores, and GHQ subscales regarding anxiety and mood modulation decreased significantly from pre- to post-program scores. Positive results were obtained in the post-questionnaires as well.ConclusionThese findings suggest the practical applicability of an online PE program for parents of children with ASD based on ABA.     

The Effects of Therapeutic Horseback Riding Program on Motor Skills in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Therapeutic horseback riding (THR) as an animal-assisted intervention is one of the innovative approaches emerging in the treatment for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study was designed to investigate the effects of a 12-week, twice a week THR program on motor skills in sixty-eight children with ASD aged 5–10 years old. All participants selected met the DSM-V criteria for ASD, and a total of fifty-three participants completed the study. A randomized controlled trial design was utilized for the study. Data was collected via a pre-THR test, interim-THR test, and post-THR test to investigate the possible changes in motor skills throughout the 12-week THR program. Results showed that the THR program significantly improved overall motor skills across time points (p < 0.05) and sub-skills of run, gallop and two-hand catch (as compared to the control group, p < 0.05). In conclusion, the THR program may be an effective option for improving motor skills in children with ASD and further investigation with a longer period of intervention is warranted.