Diving physiology and pathophysiology

Summary. Divers have worked at 500 m depth in the sea and have reached 700 m in simulated chamber dives. A prerequisite for this has been extensive physiological studies of the body's reactions to pressure and pressure changes. This paper reviews such physiological and pathophysiological studies with emphasis on recent developments.     

Indirect detection of anti-acetylcholinesterase compounds in microcolumn liquid chromatography using packed bed reactor with immobilized human red blood cell acetylcholinesterase and choline oxidase

The inhibiting compounds were separated by micro-column liquid chromatography in the mobile phase containing the natural substrate acetylcholine. A home-made packed bed microbioreactor system containing immobilized enzyme acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) in human red blood cell membrane and choline oxidase (CHO) from alcaligenes was used for the post-column conversion of acetylcholine to hydrogen peroxide which was detected by an electrochemical detector. The inhibition effect of the solutes caused a decrease in the acetylcholinesterase activity, a decrease in the formation of hydrogen peroxide and also a decrease in the response corresponding to the concentration of the solutes. The rate of the enzyme regeneration was also recorded. The micro-system was compared with a conventional LC system comprising commercially prepared enzyme reactor. The stability of the enzymes is at least 3 weeks at ambient temperature. The limit of detection depends on biological activity of inhibition and for galanthamine was 1 pmol.     

Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered sodium dichloroacetate in rabbits

ＰｈａｒｍａｃｏｋｉｎｅｔｉｃｓｏｆｉｎｔｒａｖｅｎｏｕｓｌｙａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｅｒｅｄｓｏｄｉｕｍｄｉｃｈｌｏｒｏａｃｅｔａｔｅｉｎｒａｂｂｉｔｓＧｕＢｉｎ（顾斌）；ＳｏｎｇＬｉｎｇ（宋岭）；ＪｉａｎｇＹｏｎｇｐｅｉ（蒋永培）；ＷｅｎＡｉｄｏｎｇ（文...     

人体中氧氟沙星的立体选择性代谢

５名健康志愿者日服单剂３００ｍｇ氧氟沙星［（±）－Ｏｆ１］后，采用立体选择性的ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ手性流动相添加剂法测定尿中Ｓ－（－）－Ｏｆ１和Ｒ－（＋）－Ｏｆ１浓度结果显示Ｏｆ１在人体内呈现立体选择性代谢。尿中排泄的Ｓ－（－）－Ｏｆ１／Ｒ－（＋）－Ｏｆ１之比随时间变化。服药后２ｈＳ／Ｒ是０．８７５，２４ｈ增加到１．１５０．Ｓ－（－）－Ｏｆ１的消除半衰期（ｔ１／２）是４．５７ｈ；消除速率常数（ｋ）是０．１５４ｈ；药时曲线下的面积（ＡＵＣ）为１．１７ｍｇ·ｈ－１．ｍＬ－１；Ｒ－（＋）－Ｏｆ１的ｔ１／２为４．１８ｈ，ｋ为０．１６８ｈ－１，ＡＵＣ是１．７８ｍｇ·ｈ－１·ｍＬ－１；经配对ｔ检验这三对参数间有显著性差异，Ｐ值分别小于０．０１，０．００１和０．００５．因此两对映体在人体内呈现立体选择性处置     

腹部刀刺伤单纯腹壁清创术的临床应用

目的　探讨单纯腹壁清创术在腹部刀刺伤患者中的应用 ,以提高腹部刀刺伤的治疗水平。方法　我科收治腹部刀刺伤患者中 1 6例进行单纯腹壁清创术 ,对病例选择及其注意事项进行了分析总结。结果　 1 6例患者治疗成功 1 4例 (87.50 % ) ,2例 (1 2 .50 % )中转手术。结论　对于腹部刀刺伤的患者 ,选择适合的病人进行腹壁伤口的单纯清创缝合 ,术后严密观察是可行的。     

导向喷动流化床生物质快速裂解制液体燃料

在冷模试验得到的优化的结构参数基础上，建立了一套生物质最大处理量为5kg／h的导向管喷动流化床生物质裂解反应器。反应在常压和440～520℃进行，以木屑为生物质原料，二氧化碳和氮气为喷动气或流化气，沙子为流化介质。结果表明该喷动流化床反应器可用于生物质的快速裂解。在400～480℃，液体产率随温度增加而上升，高于480℃时，二次反应的加剧又导致液体产品产率下降。固体和气体的产率则随温度的升高而减少。喷动气和流化气流量的增加均强化了反应器内的传热，并使生物质初始裂解产物的停留时间减少，二次反应进行程度减弱。在适当的裂解条件下液体产率可达73．2％，此时气体和焦的产率分别为12．8％和14．0％。所得液体产品为单一相液体，含水约30％，可用于燃烧。与流化床相比，喷动流化床作为生物质快速裂解反应器可明显提高液体产率。     

烧伤创面细菌分布对植皮存活率的影响

目的　通过对烧伤病人不同时间的痂下组织细菌定量培养及种类检测 ,探讨手术时间、菌量和菌种与植皮存活率的关系。方法　选择 3 65例病人于手术时取痂下组织以组织匀浆行细菌定量并鉴定菌种。结果　 45 0份标本中 3 90份为阳性 ,共培养出细菌 5 80株 ,以铜绿假单胞菌(2 7.93 %)及金黄色葡萄球菌 (16.2 0 %)为最常见种类 ;手术时间、菌量和菌种对植皮存活率均有不同程度的影响 (P <0 .0 1)。结论　手术时间越早 ,痂下组织细菌含量越少 ,菌种较单一 ,植皮存活率越高 (P <0 .0 1) ;金黄色葡萄球菌感染对植皮存活率影响较大 (P <0 .0 1)。     

Double layer capacitance and a microscopic structure of electrified liquid–liquid interfaces

We develop a theory of the double layer at electrolyte–electrolyte interfaces taking in to account the microscopic structure of the interfacial region. This includes a “mixed boundary layer” where the overlapping of two space-charge regions occurs, and the effects of ion association and adsorption at the interface. Theoretical results are in good agreement with experimental data obtained for various organic solvents and electrolytes. The theory suggests a framework for the treatment of the capacitance data and establishes a relationship between experimental results and the microscopic structure of interfaces between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES).     

急性脑出血患者血清谷氨酸动态变化分析

目的通过观察脑出血（intracerebral hemorrhage，ICH）患者血清中谷氨酸的动态变化来进一步评价谷氨酸对脑出血的作用。方法选择符合条件的30例急性高血压脑实质出血患者，给予神经内科脑出血常规治疗，采用高效液相色谱法检测起病后2d内、5．6d、8-9d和15．16d的血清谷氨酸浓度，同步进行神经功能评定，同时于发病后1．3d、d5-6d及d15．16行头部CT检查了解血肿体积大小。结果脑出血患者血中谷氨酸浓度与血肿体积及神经功能缺损评分之间呈正的直线相关。经治疗后，所有病例谷氨酸水平迅速下降，在5-6d和8—9d下降速度更加明显。结论谷氨酸可能参与了自发性脑出血患者的急性期脑损伤作用。     

医院感染流行病学监测分析

介绍了我院１９９３年７月１日～１９９３年１２月２０日出院的１０３１例病人医院感染病率的监测分析，半年中感染率为８．４％，妇产科疗区发病率高于外科疗区，感染部位以泌尿道、下呼吸道、手术伤口为最多，侵袭性操作及易感因素引起的感染在感染病例中分别占４０．２％和５９．８％。