按指数曲线程序给药维持静脉麻醉稳定血药浓度—硫喷妥钠的研究

本研究基于血浆药物流出率的概念。应用指数曲线程序输注给药以维持预期硫喷妥钠血药浓度。药物输注由IBM-PC微机控制YBDS-11型输液泵自动进行。血浆硫喷妥钠由高效液相色谱仪检测。求得血浆药物流出率后重新拟合曲线得出如下公式Ep(t)=39.96e~(-.158t) +8.63e~(-.0145t)+7.66。应用此公式,第二组7例病人88次血药浓度检测结果为10.09±9.0μg/ml。最大血药浓度变化在±20％之内。     

The development of a computer assisted instruction and assessment system in pharmacology

We describe the construction of a computer based system for instruction and assessment in pharmacology, utilizing a large bank of multiple choice questions. Items were collected from many sources, edited and coded for student suitability, topic, taxonomy and difficulty and text references. Students reserve a time during the day, specify the type of test desired and questions are presented randomly from the subset satisfying their criteria. Answers are scored after each question and a summary given at the end of every test; details on item performance are recorded automatically. The biggest hurdle in implementation was the assembly, review, classification and editing of items, while the programming was relatively straight-forward. A number of modifications had to be made to the initial plans and changes will undoubtedly continue with further experience. When fully operational the system will possess a number of advantages including: elimination of test preparation, editing and marking; facilitated item review opportunities; increased objectivity, feedback, flexibility and descreased anxiety in students.     

Early testicular effects in rats perinatally exposed to DEHP in combination with DEHA--apoptosis assessment and immunohistochemical studies

This study aimed to characterize the effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on the fetal rat testes and relate them to the effects seen in adults. Histopathological effects in fetal testes were examined with immunohistochemistry for anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, smooth muscle actin (SMA), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), histone H3 and vimentin. Additionally, testicular apoptosis levels were assessed in fetal, prepubertal and adult rats. As the plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) has similarities with DEHP in chemical structure and metabolism, we investigated if the testicular effects of DEHP were modulated by co-administration with DEHA.

Wistar rats were gavaged during gestation and lactation with vehicle, DEHP (300 or 750 mg/kg/day), or DEHP (750 mg/kg/day) in combination with DEHA (400 mg/kg/day), and male offspring were examined at gestation day (GD) 21, postnatal day (PND) 22, 26 and 190.

In fetal testes, Leydig cells were found in large clusters containing AMH positive Sertoli cells. At GD 21, seminiferous chords appeared enlarged with an apparently increased number of gonocytes. However, proliferation of gonocytes did not appear increased. A few animals had a high number of TUNEL positive apoptotic cells in degenerating seminiferous tubules at PND 22 and 190, whereas most exposed animals had low levels of germ cell apoptosis at GD 21, PND 22 or PND 26, as evaluated by DNA laddering, TUNEL staining, Caspase-3 immunohistochemistry and Caspase-3 activity measurement. No differences between DEHP and DEHP + DEHA exposed groups were observed.     

Immunostaining of PD-1/PD-Ls in liver tissues of patients with hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM: To investigate the expression of programmed death (PD)-1,PD ligand 1 (PD-L1) and PD-L2 in liver tissues in the context of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).METHODS: Liver biopsies and HCC specimens from patients were collected and histologically examined.The expression of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 in biopsy specimens of chronic hepatitis and HCC specimens was evaluated by immunohistochemical staining.The association between the expression level of PD-1,PD-L1,and PD-L2 and clinical and pat...     

慢性丙型肝炎患者外周血滤泡辅助性T淋巴细胞表面PD-1受体表达及意义研究*

目的 探讨不同血清病毒载量的慢性丙型肝炎（CHC）患者外周血滤泡辅助性T淋巴细胞（Tfh）表面程序性死亡受体-1（PD-1）表达情况。方法 根据血清HCV RNA水平不同,将180例CHC患者分为低病毒载量组76例,3 lg copies/ml≤血清HCV RNA<6 lg copies/ml和高病毒载量组104例,血清HCV RNA≥6 lg copies/ml。比较两组外周血Tfh细胞百分比、Tfh细胞表面PD-1阳性率、外周血T、B淋巴细胞亚群、外周血CD4⁺T淋巴细胞和CD8⁺T淋巴细胞表面PD-1表达和血清白细胞介素21（IL-21）水平的差异。结果 低病毒载量组和高病毒载量组血清HCV RNA水平分别为（4.5±1.2）lg copies/ml和（6.4±0.7）lg copies/ml,Tfh细胞表面PD-1阳性百分比分别为（26.2±2.2）%和（37.2±1.1）%,Tfh细胞百分比分别为（7.9±0.7）%和（5.1±0.4）%,血清IL-21水平分别为（46.8±1.3） ng/L和（21.7±1.1） ng/L,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）;低病毒载量组和高病毒载量组外周血CD4⁺T细胞百分比分别为（51.1±4.6）%和（37.6±4.4）%,CD8⁺T细胞百分比分别为（24.0±3.1）%和（31.7±3.9）%, CD4⁺T/CD8⁺T细胞比值分别为（3.3±0.2）和（2.3±0.1）,CD19⁺B细胞百分比分别为（16.7±3.9）%和（11.8±3.2）%,差异具有统计学意义（P<0.01）;低病毒载量组和高病毒载量组外周血CD4⁺T细胞表面PD-1阳性率分别为（10.1±2.3）%和（2.4±0.6）%],CD8⁺T细胞表面PD-1阳性率分别为（6.3±2.2）%和（1.0±0.3）%,差异也具有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 不同血清病毒载量的CHC患者外周血Tfh和T淋巴细胞亚群以及血清白细胞介素21水平存在显著差异,进一步探讨它们对病情、抗病毒治疗应答和预后的关系,将具有十分重要的临床意义。     

Current and future drug combination strategies based on programmed death-1/programmed death-ligand 1 inhibitors in non-small cell lung cancer

In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have made breakthroughs in the field of lung cancer and have become a focal point for research. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitor monotherapy was the first to break the treatment pattern for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, owing to the limited benefit of ICI monotherapy at the population level and its hyper-progressive phenomenon, it may not meet clinical needs. To expand the beneficial range of immunotherapy and improve its efficacy, several research strategies have adopted the use of combination immunotherapy. At present, multiple strategies, such as PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 inhibitors, and radiotherapy, as well as combined treatment with new target drugs, have been evaluated for clinical practice. To further understand the current status and future development direction of immunotherapy, herein, we review the recent progress of ICI combination therapies for NSCLC.     

程序性细胞死亡因子4过表达对胃癌细胞BGC823凋亡及凋亡调控蛋白的影响

目的通过稳定转染程序性细胞死亡因子4（programmed cell death4,PDCIM）基因至胃癌细胞BGC823中,观察过表达PDCD4对BGC823凋亡的作用及对凋亡相关调控蛋白Akt／p-Akt、FLIP、caspase-8及cleaved-caspase-8的影响。方法构建针对人PDCD4的真核表达载体并转染至BGC823细胞,Annexin V—FITC／PI联合流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡,Western Blot检测蛋白的表达。结果成功构建PDCD4真核表达载体并转染至BGC823中,获得稳定过表达PDCD4的细胞模型,过表达PDCD4的BGC823细胞凋亡率（10．82％±1．29％）较未转染组（5．06％±0．83％）明显升高（P〈0．05）。转染PDCD4后,Akt／p-Akt表达（0．25±0．04／0．06±0．01）较未转染组（0．65±0．09／0．18±0．02）明显降低（P〈0．01）,FLIP蛋白在转染组中的表达（0．12±0．01）较未转染组中的表达（0．48±0．06）明显降低（P〈0．01）,而转染组caspase-8（0．36±0．07）及cleaved—caspasc-8（0．24±0．05）较未转染组caspase-8（0．18±0．04）及cleaved-caspase-8（0．11±0．02）明显升高（P〈0．05）。结论PDCD4过表达可促进胃癌细胞BGC823的凋亡,并且抑制Akt和FLIP的表达,从而促进caspase-8的活性。     

慢性乙型肝炎病毒感染不同免疫状态正负共刺激分子表达的研究

目的探讨慢性乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）感染患者不同免疫状态下正负共刺激分子表达的意义。方法用半定量逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）法研究30例免疫清除期患者、10例免疫耐受期患者和10例健康对照者外周血单个核细胞B7—2及程序性死亡配体-1（PD-L1）mRNA的表达水平。结果免疫清除期和免疫耐受期患者B7-2的表达水平明显低于健康对照组（P均〈0．01）;免疫清除期患者B7—2的表达水平明显低于免疫耐受期患者（P〈0．01）。免疫清除期和免疫耐受期患者PD-L1的表达水平和PD-L1／B7-2比值均明显高于健康对照组（P均〈0．01）;免疫清除期和免疫耐受期患者PD-L1的表达水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,免疫清除期患者PD—L1／B7—2比值明显高于免疫耐受期患者（P〈0．01）。结论在慢性乙型肝炎的发病中,正、负共刺激分子的变化可能是机体对免疫反应的保护性调节的结果,最终可能使机体对HBV的免疫耐受加深。     

PD-1/PD-L1免疫治疗联合多西他赛化疗方案治疗晚期复治性NSCLC的疗效及安全性

目的 探讨程序性细胞死亡受体-1(PD-1)及程序性细胞死亡配体-1(PD-L1)免疫治疗联合多西他赛化疗方案治疗晚期复治性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的疗效及安全性.方法 回顾性分析2017年07月～2019年07月本院收治的280例晚期复治性NSCLC患者的临床资料,根据治疗方法不同分为对照组(n=130)和观察组(...     

PD-1及其配体在心脏、神经疾病中的研究进展

程序性死亡因子1（PD-1）是免疫球蛋白超家族激活诱导的抑制性受体,它有两个配体：PD-L1和PD-L2。PD-1与其配体PD-L结合后,可调节T细胞的活化及分化,抑制T细胞增殖,发挥对效应T细胞的负性调控作用,参与多种免疫过程,并在动脉硬化、心脏及神经疾病的发生和发展过程中扮演重要角色。因此近年来受到广泛的关注。该文就PD-1／PD-L在动脉硬化、心脏及神经疾病的研究进展予以综述。