Herniotomy in a former preterm infant. Which anaesthetic is best?

Former preterm infants with postconceptual age <50-60 weeks are at risk of postoperative apnea and bradycardia when operated under general anaesthesia. In addition, after general anaesthesia with endotracheal intubation preterm infants, who had suffered from severe respiratory distress syndrome, often require prolonged postoperative mechanical ventilation. Pure regional anaesthetic techniques can avoid most of these postoperative respiratory complications. Spinal anaesthesia has been used extensively so far. Recently, pure caudal anaesthesia for this indication has become a promising alternative. If a pure regional anaesthesia technique is not indicated or feasable, the combination of light inhalational anaesthesia with a caudal block seems appropriate. Overnight cardiorespiratory monitoring is mandatory in these patients regardless of the anaesthetic technique used.     

The 16 golden hours for conservative treatment in children with postoperative small bowel obstruction

Background

Conservative treatment of postoperative small bowel obstruction in children is widely accepted, provided that there are no clinical signs of bowel strangulation. However, the length of time surgery can be safely deferred remains unclear.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to determine the time limit for observant management of postoperative small bowel obstruction.

Methods

The medical records of 128 children with 174 episodes of postoperative small bowel obstruction were reviewed.

Results

Spontaneous resolution occurred in 63% of cases, 85% within 48 hours of admission. Bowel compromise was noted in 31% of the operated cases, and about half of them underwent bowel resection, accounting for 6% of all admissions. None of the cases treated surgically within 16 hours of admission was associated with bowel strangulation or need for resection.

Conclusions

In children presenting with postoperative small bowel obstruction, prolonging observant treatment for more than 48 hours yields only a small benefit in terms of spontaneous resolution. Bowel strangulation can occur within 16 hours of admission. On the basis of these findings, we suggest raising the index of suspicion for compromised bowel after 16 hours and making the decision for surgery at around 48 hours.     

柱状经腹会阴切除术治疗直肠癌15例

目的 介绍直肠癌柱状经腹会阴切除术(cylindrical abdominoperineal resection,CAPR)的应用体会.方法 2009-2010年采用柱状经腹会阴直肠癌切除术治疗低位直肠癌15例.采用Holm等描述的手术方法.按TME技术要求游离直肠系膜,向下游离至肛提肌的起点处,结肠造口,关闭腹部切口.将患者置于俯卧位,实施扩大的会阴部切除,沿外括约肌、耻骨直肠肌、肛提肌外表面游离至肛提肌的盆壁起始处,即腹部向下游离的终点下方,后方自尾骨骶骨连接处切开,进入骶前,由背侧至腹侧,将肛提肌自起始处离断.结果 柱状经腹会阴切除术切除更多远端直肠周围组织,15例均无直肠穿孔,会阴切口均Ⅰ期愈合,1例发生会阴血肿,1例发生盆底腹膜疝,1例发生下肢深静脉血栓形成;术后平均随访6个月,1例发生盆腔腹膜后淋巴结转移,1例发生肝肺转移.结论 柱状经腹会阴切除术可以切除更多的低位直肠癌周组织,有利于减少术中穿孔发生率和环周切缘阳性率,进一步降低术后局部复发率.     

肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗

目的 探讨肝移植术后胆道并发症的诊断与治疗.方法 分析2007-2009年肝移植术后不同类型胆道并发症的患者的临床资料,评价胴道并发症的类型,处理方式及术后恢复情况.结果 肝移植术后胆道并发症患者23例,包括胆漏患者12例,计胆管吻合口漏7例,肝断面胆管漏3例,胆囊管漏1例,迷走胆管漏1例;移植术后胆管狭窄患者11例,其中吻合口狭窄4例,非吻合口性狭窄7例.7例吻合口漏患者中,胆管重建2例(Roux-en-Y吻合和胆肠襻式Warren吻合);胆道吻合口修补1例;单纯依靠外引流管引流1例,活体双供肝肝移植的患者剖腹探查纠正胆漏失败后行再次肝移植1例;行经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)植入支架2例.肝断面胆管漏3例中,行肝断面胆管缝扎1例,ERCP联合B超引导下穿刺引流2例,引流2个月后胆漏闭合,拔除引流管,但是随后又出现胆道狭窄,ERCP术后,病情好转.胆囊管漏1例,行胆囊管缝扎.迷走胆管漏1例,行胆囊床缝扎.吻合口狭窄的患者4例,3例经ERCP治愈,1例行胆肠吻合重建胆道后治愈.非吻合口性狭窄的7例,行ERCP治疗3例,ERCP失败后,行经皮肝穿刺胆管引流(percutaneous transhepatic cholangiographic drainage,PTCD)1例;再次肝移植3例,2例患者术后恢复良好,1例死于严重感染.结论 肝移植术后胆道并发症危害大,关键在于预防.     

腹部外伤术后近期再手术38例

目的探讨腹部外伤术后近期再手术的原因、预防及处理措施。方法回顾性分析1999年3月至2009年10月收治的38例腹部外伤术后近期因不同原因非计划性再手术病人的临床资料。结果再手术38例中,腹腔大出血9例,消化道瘘8例,胰瘘4例,胆漏3例,腹腔脓肿5例,肠梗阻4例,小肠坏死1例,切口裂开2例,阴性再手术1例,肝脓肿1例。再次手术后死亡4例(10.5%),余痊愈。结论术中探查仔细,操作精细,加强术后观察,提高首次手术质量,是提高腹部外伤疗效的关键;而合理掌握再手术指征、实施及时有效的再次手术可避免疾病进一步恶化。     

外科术后院内感染84例临床分析

目的 加深对外科术后院内感染临床特征及病原学特点的了解,强化医务人员预防与控制术后院内感染的意识.方法 对2007年1月～2008年12月间,首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院外科系统手术后发生的84例院内感染临床病例进行统计及分析.结果 我院外科系统院内感染高发科室依次为普外科,泌尿外科及脑外科;院内感染高发部位以呼吸系统感染为主;院内感染相关因素出现例次比前三位的依次为侵入性操作,术中使用全麻,住院总时间大于1个月;病原体以革兰阴性杆菌为主占49.58%,而革兰阳性球菌占35.77%,真菌占14.63%.结论 医务人员应提高预防与控制术后院内感染的意识,采取综合性的防范措施,降低外科术后院内感染的发生.     

地奥司明片对环状混合痔术后水肿的预防及治疗观察

目的 观察地奥司明片在预防和治疗环状混合痔术后水肿及水肿后机化方面的作用.方法 120例环状混合痔患者,按完全随机设计方法用随机数字表随机分为治疗组60例,对照组60例.两组均行环状混合痔外切内注结扎术,术后常规抗炎、止血、局部马应龙麝香痔疮膏换药.治疗组术后第1天开始口服地奥司明片1.5 g,一天两次服4 d,以后改为1 g,一天两次服3 d.结果 治疗组水肿发生率为6.6%,对照组水肿发生率为30%,两组水肿发生率有显著性性差异(P<0.01).治疗组水肿无机化,对照组水肿后机化4例,两组水肿机化率有显著性差异(P<0.01).结论 地奥司明片能有效预防和消散环状混合痔术后水肿.     

桡骨远端骨折术后短缩的原因及对策

目的:分析桡骨远端骨折术后出现短缩的原因,提出预防措施,提高桡骨远端骨折手术的复位效果及远期疗效。方法:2005年6月至2009年1月,治疗桡骨远端骨折并获随访46例患者,男17例,女29例;年龄27～90岁,平均48岁。获得解剖复位或基本达解剖复位,对术后出现桡骨短缩的现象进行分析。结果:46例获得随访,时间6个月～2年,平均14个月,有12例发生桡骨短缩。总结桡骨远端骨折术后短缩的原因:①年龄大于60岁;②重度骨质疏松;③移位大、粉碎性骨折;④固定方式选择不恰当;⑤植骨不充分;⑥过早负荷。结论:术前正确判断骨折类型及骨的质量、充分植骨、解剖复位后牢固固定及早期非负荷功能锻炼是减少桡骨骨折术后短缩、提高桡骨远端骨折疗效的关键。在桡骨远端骨折手术及术后康复锻炼中,如能充分考虑上述6种造成桡骨短缩的原因并加以克服,将可能避免或延缓创伤性关节炎的发生。     

肝切除治疗肝内胆管结石的体会(附172例报告)

目的总结肝叶、段切除治疗肝内胆管结石的效果。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2009年11月间采用肝切除术治疗172例肝内胆管结石的临床资料。结果左肝内胆管结石99例,右肝内胆管结石18例,双侧肝内胆管结石55例;肝左外叶切除121例,左半肝切除19例,右半肝切除8例,右肝段切除14例,双侧肝段联合切除10例;术后并发症43例;死亡2例。149例随访3个月～10年,总优良率为88.6%。结论肝切除术是治疗肝内胆管结石的有效方法,选择恰当的手术时机是预防并发症的关键因素。     

全身麻醉术后寒战相关危险因素的研究

目的研究全身麻醉术后寒战发生的相关危险因素。方法 2011例静吸复合全麻术后回麻醉后恢复室(PACU)的患者,按有无寒战发生分为寒战组(115例)和非寒战组(1896例),记录中心体温(鼻咽温度)、拔管后疼痛评分、术中出血量、手术时间。结果两组间年龄、中心体温、拔管后疼痛评分、手术时间、术中出血量差异有统计学意义(P0.01),且与寒战发生相关。结论年轻患者、中心体温下降、术后疼痛、手术时间长、术中大量出血均可增加全身麻醉术后寒战发生率。