Klassifikation der Nierenzellkarzinome/Tumoren und ihre Beziehung zum Nephron-Sammelrohrsystem

Summary After a controversial phase of nomenclature (including — among others — the terms hypernephroma and hypernephroid carcinoma) a cytomorphologically defined subtyping of renal cell tumours (adenomas, carcinomas, oncocytomas) is offered, based on new electron microscopical and histochemical observations. These data are in part supported by cytogenetical findings reported in the literature. Phenotypical/histogenetical relations to different parts or cell types, respectively, of the nephron-collecting duct system could be demonstrated. Chromophobe cell carcinoma and oncocytoma exhibit features of the intercalated cells.

Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Adalbert Bohle gewidmet     

Einflu\ eines Β1-Rezeptorenblockers auf die Plasmaspiegel des atrialen natriuretischen Peptids bei Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie unter Ergometerbelastung

Summary In order to investigate the behaviour of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) in untreated mild to moderate essential hypertension and the influence of blood pressure normalisation by a ₁-receptor blocker a study was conducted in groups of normotensive and hypertensive middle aged subjects. 10 normal subjects and 10 patients with essential hypertension (WHO I–II) without any medication and on betaxolol monotherapy were studied at rest and during graded exercise. In addition the response of ANP, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) and the renin-aldosterone-system was investigated.Normal subjects and hypertensive patients did not differ in ANP levels at rest and also responded with a comparable exercise dependent increase at all workload levels. A steady decrease of ANP was noticed during the recovery period in both groups. After-blocker treatment in the hypertensive patients ANP concentrations significantly rose, both at rest and more pronounced during exercise. cGMP reacted in a similar way but showed a more inert response. A counter-regulatory behaviour between ANP and PRA or aldosterone, as seen under volume shifts, could not be detected. These findings demonstrate that plasma ANP is not altered in untreated essential hypertension. Increased ANP levels in ₁-blocker treatment may contribute to its blood lowering effect.

---

Abkürzungsverzeichnis ANP atriales natriuretisches Peptid - ALD Aldosteron - C_In Inulin Clearance - cGMP zyklisches Guanosinmonophosphat - irANP immunoreaktives atriales natriuretisches Peptid - PAH Paraaminohippursäure - PRA Plasma-Renin-Aktivität - RAA-System Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron-System - RBF renaler Blutflu - RIA Radioimmunoassay - RVR renaler Gefä\widerstand     

Reduction and stabilization of lumbar and thoracolumbar spine fractures with Louis' plates and internal fixator: a comparative study

Summary In this retrospective study, 28 patients who presented isolated fractures from T11 to L4 were surgically treated using a posterior approach. The fractures were reduced and stabilized in half of the cases with Louis' plates and in the other half with an internal fixator. Twelve patients had partial neurological deficits on admission. They were reviewed after a mean period of 24 months from time of injury, and 10 months after implant removal. The kyphosis of the fractured vertebral body was measured, and showed a mean value of 18° before surgery and 10.3° at the last visit. The regional statics of the spine were also studied. The residual mobility of the fixated and neighbouring spinal units was assessed, comparing long segment fixation (plates) with short segment fixation (internal fixator). The residual mobility of the adjacent, non-fixed segments was significantly better when the internal fixator had been used than with the Louis' plates. Of the 12 patients with neurological involvement, 11 had increased their Frankel score by one grade. Results were evaluated by clinical parameters (pain, neurological deficit, occupational disability); scores were as follows: 32% good, 57% satisfactory and 11% poor. There was no significant difference in clinical score between the two treatment modalities.     

Regional alterations of brain biogenic amines and GABA/glutamate levels in rats following chronic lead exposure during neonatal development

Wistar rat pups were administered either a high dose of lead acetate (400 g lead/g body weight/day) or a low dose (100 g lead/g body weight/day) by gastric intubation, from 2 days through 60 days of age. The rats on both these doses exhibited statistically significant decreases in body and brain weights throughout the lead treatment period. A group of rats on high dose was also rehabilitated by discontinuing the lead from 60 days of age. In these rats, at 160 days of age, the body weight but not the brain weight recovered to normal levels. During the lead intake, the rats on high dose revealed significant elevations in the levels of noradrenaline (NA) in the hippocampus (HI), cerebellum (CE), hypothalamus (HY), brainstem (BS), and accumbens-striatum (SA). The elevated levels in all the above regions except in the HY persisted even after rehabilitation. The dopamine (DA) levels changed significantly in opposite directions in HY (elevation) and BS (reduction) during the lead treatment, and the HY recovered after rehabilitation. Under lead, the serotonin (5HT) levels were elevated significantly in the HI, BS and MC (motor cortex), while after rehabilitation the abnormality persisted only in the MC. Low dose lead treatment was also effective on the same areas of brain. In the low dose group, estimation of the levels of GABA and glutamate were also done, and a significant decrease of GABA in CE and glutamate in MC was observed. The differences observed in the neurotoxic effects (none or significant) of lead in the different regions for each of the transmitters (NA, DA, 5HT) supports the interesting conclusion that the vulnerability of the axon terminals of any given type is dependent on some regional factors, although the projections of the different regions originate from an apparently similar category of neurons in the brain stem.     

应用酵母双向杂交系统筛选和鉴定P75NGFR作用的蛋白

目的：探讨Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ介导神经细胞凋亡的分子机制。方法;以转染了Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ的大鼠小脑神经细胞株Ｒ２Ｌ２为细胞模型,应用酵母双向杂交系统（ｔｗｏ－ｈｙｂｒｉｄ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）筛选和鉴定Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ胞内区Ｐ７５ＩＣＤ作用的蛋白。结果：和Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ作用的蛋白由一个６００ｂｐ大小的ＣＤＮＡ片段编码。结论：该工作将有助于探讨Ｐ７５ＮＧＦＲ介导细胞凋亡的分子机制和信号,为勃勃系统退行性病变的病因、     

可吸收内固定治疗松质骨骨折22例

目的 总结可吸收内固定材料自身增强聚丙交脂（ＳＲ－ＰＬＬＡ）的临床应用体会。方法 采用波兰进口ＳＲ－ＰＬＬＡ螺钉、棒、线治疗四肢松质骨骨折２２例,随访摄片观察骨折愈合情况,检查关节活动功能。结果 术后有两侧出现并发症,一例局部少量积液,经２次穿刺抽液加压包扎痊愈;一例患者过早去除石膏功能锻炼,螺钉松动滑出,经手术复位石膏外固定治愈,无感染或过敏等情况发生。结论 掌握可吸收材料的生物力学特点,并选择适当的病例,可以最大限度地发挥可吸收内固定材料的优势。     

The Pichia pastoris HIS4 gene: nucleotide sequence,creation of a non-reverting his4 deletion mutant,and development of HIS4-based replicating and integrating plasmids

We have obtained a clone of the Pichia pastoris HIS4 gene and have determined its nucleotide sequence. Based upon its deduced amino-acid sequence, the product of the P. pastoris HIS4 gene has the same structural organization as the Saccharomyces cerevisiae His4 protein and appears to encode a trifunctional enzyme catalyzing the second (phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase), third (phosphoribosyl-AMP cyclohydrolase), and tenth (histidinol dehydrogenase) steps in histidine biosynthesis. The chromosomal copy of the HIS4 gene was disrupted by homologous recombination, creating the strain SGY58. The his4 deletion mutation in this strain lacks the entire coding region of this gene and has a reversion rate that is undetectable. A set of complementary plasmids that carry the HIS4 gene was also developed. Among these are nine E. coli-P. pastoris shuttle vectors that transform the His4 deletion mutant at high efficiency and an integration vector for creating site-specific alterations of the P. pastoris genome.     

The inflammatory lesion of T cell line transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis of the Lewis rat: distinct nature of parenchymal and perivascular infiltrates

We have investigated the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in the inflammatory infiltrates of T line-transferred experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) of the Lewis rats. Using a panel of TCR V-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and immunocytochemistry, we studied the nature of the T cells entering the central nervous system (CNS) after transfer of either myelin basic protein (MBP)-reactive, or MBP-reactive but non-encephalitogenic T cell lines. All the MBP-specific T cell lines predominantely used the V8.2 TCR chain. T cell lines specific for the tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD), using TCR V genes different from V8.2, served as controls. We first studied the time course of T cells entering the CNS. In all recipient rats, small, but significant numbers of -TCR-expressing infiltrate cells appeared in the CNS within the first 24 h after T cell transfer. In animals injected with either type of MBP-reactive T cells, the early infiltrate cells were preferentially located within the parenchyma of the spinal cord, while in PPD T lineinjected rats, the lymphocytes were mostly found in the meninges. TCR V gene usage was examined on the peak of clinical disease. Six days after T cell transfer, the TCR repertoire used by infiltrating lymphocytes in general seemed to be highly diverse. None of the V isotypes examined (i.e. V8.2, V8.5 or V10) was used by a major population of the -TCR-positive T cells. A more detailed, quantitative analysis of individual infiltrate compartments revealed, however, a preferential accumulation of V8.2-positive T cells within the parenchyma. In contrast, perivascular infiltrating cells used V genes randomly. Our results confirm first that activated T lymphocytes enter the brain rapidly irrespective of their antigen specificity. Second, the data show that most of the perivascular infiltrate T cells in the acute EAE lesion are host-derived, recruited presumably from the recirculating T cell pool, while the encephalitogenic, V8.2-positive T cells preferentially persist within the parenchyma.Abbreviations EAE experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis - MBP myelin basic protein - TCL T cell line Supported by the Brazilian Research Council (CNPq)     

Behavioral significance of phasic changes in mesolimbic dopamine-dependent electrochemical signal associated with heroin self-injections

Summary High-speed chronoamperometry with monoamine-selective carbon fiber electrodes was used in rats to monitor, during 5–6 consecutive daily sessions, changes in DA-dependent electrochemical signal in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) during intravenous heroin (0.1 mg/kg) self-administration (SA) behavior and passive repeated drug injections performed with a temporal scheme similar to that in the SA experiment. In trained animals, biphasic signal fluctuations time-locked to the individual lever-presses were found to accompany all but the first daily SAs. The signal gradually increased by 30–40 nM for the 10 minutes preceding the SA, reached a peak at the moment of lever-press and decreased abruptly by 40 nM for 3–4 min after heroin SA. The cycle then repeated, reaching a new peak at the moment of the next lever-press. Rapid bi-directional fluctuations in signal associated with individual heroin SAs were superimposed on substantial tonic increase in signal baseline (400–500 nM). This increase quickly developed after presentation of heroin-related light cue and the first SA, was relatively stable during all subsequent SAs and decreased towards the baseline after the last SA of a session. Changes in signal baseline induced by repeated heroin SAs depended strongly upon the signal's basal level (r=– 0.787); that signal preferentially increased when its basal values were low (0–300 nM), and decreased when signal was tonically elevated (> 600 nM). Repeated passive heroin injections also induced biphasic signal fluctuations and a similar tonic increase in signal baseline. Although a transient signal decrease (25 nM for 2–4 minutes) followed by a prolonged signal increase occurred after each but not the first passive injection, the gradual pre-injection signal acceleration was absent.Although DOPAC, a principal DA metabolite, may significantly contribute to the tonic increase in electrochemical signal seen during SA session, the changes in extracellular DA may be the main contributor to both the rapid signal increases preceding drug-taking and the transient signal decreases following heroin SA. If so, the present findings suggest that activation of mesolimbic DA cells and increase in DA transmission may be involved in the mediation of motivational and/or activational components of drug-seeking and drug-taking behavior. An acute termination of previous drug- and behavior-associated DA activation with a transient inhibition of DA release, immediately following heroin SA may correlate with the drug's rewarding action, representing a part of a mechanism regulating drug-taking behavior.     

Slicer and tissue retrieval system for excisional endoscopic surgery

Extraction of large specimens risks detachment of malignant cells within the peritoneal cavity and contamination of the parieties with resultant seedling implantation at the access wounds. Therefore, extraction is best conducted through a rip-proof sleeve-retrieval system which creates a third space in which the specimen can be sliced under visual control. Slicing of tissue is preferable to morcellation or disintegration since it preserves the structural integrity of the tissue and thereby does not jeopardize histopathological examination and staging of excised tumors. Of the two types of tissue-slicing mechanisms investigated, the compression-moving blade system (CMB) was found to be superior to wire-cutting devices. A prototype CMB slicer has been developed which has been tested experimentally and is currently undergoing clinical evaluation.