Immediate postconditioning during reperfusion attenuates intestinal injury

Objective  To test the hypothesis that immediate but not delayed ischemic postconditioning (IPo) during reperfusion attenuates intestinal injury, and that ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and IPo may confer synergy in intestinal protection. Design and setting  Prospective laboratory animal study with concurrent control. Subjects  Adult Sprague–Dawley rats. Interventions  Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion (II/R) injury in rats was produced by clamping superior mesenteric artery for 60 min followed by 60 min reperfusion; IPC was elicited by 10 min ischemia and 10 min reperfusion before index ischemia; IPo was performed by three cycles of 30 s reperfusion and 30 s ischemia initiated either immediately at the onset of reperfusion (IPo) or after reperfusion for 3 min (delayed-IPo). Combination of IPC and IPo was performed by combining both protocols. Measurements and main results  Intestinal ischemia/reperfusion resulted in significant intestinal injury evidenced as significant increase in Chiu’s scores and wet-to-dry intestine weight ratio accompanied with increases in plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6, as well as increases in the intestinal tissue lipid peroxidation product malonediadehyde and myeloperoxidase activity as compared to control animals (all P < 0.05). All these changes were significantly attenuated either by IPC or IPo or their combination (P < 0.05), and not by delayed-IPo (P > 0.05). IPC and IPo showed synergistic protection compared with either protocol alone. Conclusion  Ischemic postconditioning reduces intestinal injury, in part, by inhibiting oxidative injury, neutrophils filtration and proinflammatory response. The early period of reperfusion is critical to intestinal protection by IPo, and intestinal protection with IPo can be enhanced by IPC. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. K-X. Liu and Z. Xia share senior authorship.     

ERK1/2信号通路对缺血后适应大鼠皮层的作用

目的研究脑缺血大鼠缺血后适应模型中大脑皮质的ERK1/2通路表达特点及应用ERK1/2特异性抑制剂PD98059后对缺血后适应神经保护作用的影响,研究缺血后适应是否通过ERK1/2信号通路介导对急性缺血性脑梗死再灌注后的神经保护作用。方法将20只SD大鼠随机分为假手术组、缺血2h再灌注组、缺血2h后适应组以及PD98059+缺血2h后适应组(PD+2h后适应组),每组5只,用线栓法建立急性大脑中动脉闭塞的缺血性脑梗死模型,4组分别进行不同形式的实验。对比4组大鼠再灌注1h、24h的神经功能评分及再灌注24h后的梗死体积。每组另增加15只大鼠,分别于再灌注后2h、6h、24h留取缺血大脑皮质;Western blot检测再灌注2h、6h、24h后总T-ERK1/2、P-ERK1/2表达。结果 PD+2h后适应组与缺血2h再灌注组神经功能缺损评分高于缺血2h后适应组,脑梗死体积大于缺血2h后适应组。缺血后适应组再灌注2h、6h、24h后P-ERK1/2表达明显高于缺血2h再灌注组及PD+2h后适应组;以上表明,缺血后适应通过ERK1/2信号通路减轻大鼠缺血性脑损伤,应用P-ERK1/2的阻滞剂PD98059后,阻断了缺血后适应的脑保护作用。结论通过对本实验研究数据的分析后发现,缺血后适应对大鼠急性缺血性脑梗死具有神经保护作用,应用ERK1/2特异性抑制剂PD98059后,缺血后适应神经保护效应减弱,说明缺血后适应对急性缺血性脑梗死再灌注损伤的保护作用与MAPK/ERK信号通路具有深层次紧密关系。     

酒石酸布托啡诺后处理对离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响

目的探讨酒石酸布托啡诺后处理对大鼠离体心肌缺血再灌注损伤的影响。方法应用Langendorff离体灌流装置,采用完全停灌复灌的方法制作离体大鼠心肌缺血再灌注模型。健康雄性sD大鼠32只,体重220～250g,随机分为4组：对照组（Sham组,n=8）、缺血再灌注组（I／R组,n=8）、缺血预处理组（pre组,n=8）和酒石酸布托啡诺后处理组（butor组,n=8）。制备大鼠离体心脏缺血再灌注损伤模型,于再灌注结束后,收集冠脉流出液测定肌酸激酶（CK）和乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）的活性,测定心肌组织丙二醛（MDA）含量和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性。结果与Sham组比较,其他各组冠脉流出液CK和LDH活性及心肌组织MDA含量升高,心肌组织SOD活性降低（P〈0．01）;与I／R组比较,pre组及butor组冠脉流出液CK和LDH活性及心肌组织MDA含量降低,心肌组织SOD活性升高（P〈0．01）,而pre组与butor组比较,CK和LDH活性及心肌组织MDA含量和SOD活性差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论酒石酸布托啡诺后处理对离体心脏缺血再灌沣榻伤具有保护作用。     

氯胺酮后处理及其联合缺血后处理对大鼠肝脏再灌注损伤的作用

目的 探讨氯胺酮后处理及其联合缺血后处理对大鼠肝脏再灌注损伤的作用.方法 雄性SD大鼠24只,体重200～230 g,随机均分为缺血损伤组(A组)、氯胺酮后处理组(B组)、氯胺酮后处理联合缺血后处理组(C组)、假手术组(D组).按照Nauta介绍的方法建立缺血模型,在缺血1 h后恢复灌注时,B组由尾静脉推注氯胺酮10 mg/kg,C组由尾静脉推注等量氯胺酮的同时对肝脏进行缺血后处理,D组仅分离肝十二指肠韧带.再灌注4 h后采集下腔静脉血测丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST);取肝组织测超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,检测Bcl-2和Bax的表达和通过电镜观察肝脏的损伤程度.结果 B、C组ALT、AST、MDA均低于A组、SOD高于A组(P<0.05),Bcl-2表达高于A组,Bax表达低于A组(P<0.05).透射电镜下观察B、C组细胞损伤程度轻于A组.结论 氯胺酮后处理可以减轻大鼠肝脏的再灌注损伤,但是联合缺血后处理后其保护效应并没有加强.     

利多卡因后处理对大鼠肺缺血／再灌注损伤的影响

目的研究利多卡因后处理对大鼠肺缺血／再灌注损伤（lung ischemia／reperfusion injury,LI／RI）的作用并探讨其可能的机制。方法80只SD大鼠按随机数字表法分为4组,每组20只：假手术组（Sham组）、缺血,再灌注组[（ischemia／reperfusion,VR）组]、单纯缺血后处理组[（ischemic preconditioning,IPC）组]、利多卡因后处理组（Lidocaine组）。采用夹闭左肺门45min、然后复灌2h的方法建立在体肺棵模型。Lidocaine组再灌注即刻开始以4mg·kg-1·h-1泵入利多卡因,持续再灌注2h。观察肺组织病理学改变,检测支气管肺泡灌洗液（bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF）中肺表面活性蛋白A（pulmonary surfatcantassociated proteinA,SP-A）、肺组织SP-AmRNA和SP-A的浓度。结果肺组织病理学观察发现Lidocaine组的肺水肿和白细胞渗出较I／R组明显减轻。再灌注后Lidocaine组与IPC组BALF中SP-A的浓度分别为（8．68±0．41）和（6．56±0．38）,明显高于I／R组（4．42±0．21）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;肺组织SP-AmRNA的浓度分别为（1．49±0．12）和（1．26±0．10）,明显高于I／R组（1．05扣．11）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;肺组织SP-A的浓度分别为（72．5±2．9）和（41．3±3．1）,明显高于I／R组（26．8±2．3）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;Lidocaine组与IPC组比较,BALF中SP-A、肺组织SP-AmRNA和SP-A的浓度明显升高,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论利多卡因后处理可使大鼠I／R肺中SP-A的表达上调、分泌增加,可减轻肺水肿,且效果优于单纯IPC,对在体大鼠LI／RI有保护作用。     

细胞凋亡抑制参与联合应用吗啡和肢体远隔缺血后处理的心肌保护作用

目的 探讨抗细胞凋亡在联合应用吗啡和肢体远隔缺血后处理(remote ischemic postconditioning,RIP)心肌保护中的作用. 方法 采用大鼠在体心肌缺血/再灌注损伤(ischemia/reperfusion injury,I/RI)模型,根据随机数字表法将60只SD大鼠分为4组(每组15只):缺血/再灌注(ischemia/reperfusion,I/R)组(I/R组)、肢体RIP组(RIP组)、吗啡后处理组(M组)以及联合应用吗啡和肢体RIP组(M+RIP组).再灌注末留取缺血中心区、缺血边缘区和非缺血区心肌组织标本,应用Tunel染色法检测心肌细胞凋亡指数(apoptotic index,AI),应用实时定量PCR技术检测心肌细胞凋亡相关基因Bcl-2 mRNA和Bax mRNA表达,光学和电子显微镜观察缺血中心区心肌细胞形态. 结果 I/R组、RIP组、M组和M+RIP组缺血中心区心肌细胞AI分别为(49.1±4.9)％、(34.2±2.9)％、(39.7±3.2)％和(29.0±4.9)％,缺血边缘区心肌细胞AI分别为(12.7±2.2)％、(8.2±1.6)％、(10.4±2.7)％和(5.9±1.4)％.在缺血中心区和缺血边缘区,M+RIP组心肌细胞AI较I/R组和M组明显降低(P＜0.05),M+RIP组的Bcl-2 mRNA表达较I/R组、RIP组和M组明显增强(P＜0.05),而M+RIP组的Bax mRNA表达则较I/R组、RIP组和M组明显降低(P＜0.05),M+RIP组的Bcl-2/Bax较I/R组、RIP组和M组明显升高(P＜0.05).光学和电子显微镜检查显示,M+RIP组的心肌形态和线粒体结构明显改善. 结论 Bcl-2相关信号通路的细胞凋亡抑制是联合应用吗啡和肢体RIP的心肌保护作用机制之一.     

The Effects of Ischemic Postconditioning on Myocardial Function and Nitric Oxide Metabolites Following Ischemia-Reperfusion in Hyperthyroid Rats

Ischemic postconditioning (IPost) could decrease ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. It has not yet reported whether IPost is useful when ischemic heart disease is accompanied with co-morbidities like hyperthyroidism. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of IPost on myocardial IR injury in hyperthyroid male rats. Hyperthyroidism was induced with administration of thyroxine in drinking water (12 mg/L) over a period of 21 days. After thoracotomy, the hearts of control and hyperthyroid rats were perfused in the Langendorff apparatus and subjected to 30 minutes global ischemia, followed by 120 minutes reperfusion; IPost, intermittent early reperfusion, was induced instantly following ischemia. In control rats, IPost significantly improved the left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP) and ±dp/dt during reperfusion (p<0.05); however it had no effect in hyperthyroid rats. In addition, hyperthyroidism significantly increased basal NO_x (nitrate+nitrite) content in serum (125.5±5.4 µmol/L vs. 102.8±3.7 µmol/L; p< 0.05) and heart (34.9±4.1 µmol/L vs. 19.9±1.94 µmol/L; p<0.05). In hyperthyroid groups, heart NO_x concentration significantly increased after IR and IPost, whereas in the control groups, heart NO_x were significantly higher after IR and lower after IPost (p< 0.05). IPost reduced infarct size (p<0.05) only in control groups. In hyperthyroid group subjected to IPost, aminoguanidine, an inducible nitric oxide (NO) inhibitor, significantly reduced both the infarct size and heart NO_x concentrations. In conclusion, unlike normal rats, IPost cycles following reperfusion does not provide cardioprotection against IR injury in hyperthyroid rats; an effect that may be due to NO overproduction because it is restored by iNOS inhibition.     

Sevoflurane Postconditioning Ameliorates Oxygen–Glucose Deprivation—Reperfusion Injury in the Rat Hippocampus

Introduction: Sevoflurane is well known to exert a neuroprotective effect through anesthetic preconditioning. However, its effects on postconditioning, a neuroprotective phenomenon following an insult, have not been well studied. Aims: In this study, we examined the ability of sevoflurane to induce postconditioning in rat hippocampal slices, in vitro. Results : 2%, 4%, and 6% sevoflurane reduced neurophysiologic and morphologic neuronal injury following oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD) and reperfusion. The quantity of damaged neurons was significantly reduced on immunofluorescence staining; excitatory amino acids (Asp, Glu) increased and inhibitory amino acids (GABA) decreased significantly. The effect was concentration‐dependent. Conclusion : Postconditioning with sevoflurane reduces neuronal damage after OGD—reperfusion injury in the CA1 area of rat hippocampus, in vitro.     

七氟烷后处理通过调节Bcl-2家族蛋白表达减轻离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡

目的 研究七氟烷后处理对离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡蛋白表达的影响.方法 雄性SD大鼠30只,体重230～250 g,使用随机数字表法将实验动物随机分为3组(n=10):假手术组,缺血再灌注组(I/R组),七氟烷后处理组(SPC组).采用Langendroff离体心脏灌注模型,除假手术组外其余两组平衡灌注30 min,全心缺血40min,再灌注120 min.SPC组在再灌注即刻给予2.5%(约1.0MAC)七氟烷10 min后改用普通Krebs-Henseleit(K-H)液灌注.记录平衡灌注末,再灌注30、60、90、120min时左室收缩压(LVSP)、左室舒张末压(LVEDP)、左室发展压(LVDP)、左室内压上升最大速率(+dp/dt)、左室内压下降最大速率(-dp/dt)、心率(HR)以及冠脉流量(CF).分光光度法测量肌酸激酶(CK)和乳酸脱氢酶(LDH).再灌注末TTC染色法测定心肌梗死面积.Western印迹法测定凋亡蛋白Bcl-2、Bax表达情况.结果 SPC组LVSP、LVDP、±dp/dt和CF在再灌注30 min后各时点均高于I/R组(均P＜0.05),LVEDP均低于I/R组(均P＜0.05);HR较I/R组高,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).SPC组LDH和CK释放量均低于I/R组(均P＜0.05),梗死面积低于I/R组(22.2%±2.8%比44.9%±6.6%,P＜0.05).与I/R组比较,SPC组Bcl-2表达高,Bax表达低(均P＜0.05).结论 七氟烷后处理可改善心功能,降低心肌梗死面积,通过调节凋亡蛋白表达减轻离体大鼠心肌细胞凋亡.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the effects of sevoflurane postconditioning on ischemic/reperfused myocardial apoptosis.Methods Isolated perfused rat hearts were randomly assigned into 3 groups:shamoperation ( sham), ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) and sevoflurane postconditioning (SPC).Except for the sham group, the hearts were subjected to 40 min global myocardial ischemia and 120 min reperfusion.Left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular developed pressure (LVDP), left ventricular enddiastolic pressure ( LVEDP), maximum increase rate of LVDP ( + dp/dt), maximum decrease rate of LVDP ( - dp/dt), heart rate (HR) and coronary flow (CF) were measured at baseline, R (reperfusion) 30 min, R60 min, R90 ain and R120 min.Creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were measured at 5 min and 10 min post-reperfusion.Infarct size was determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining at the end of reperfusion.The expressions of Bcl-2 and Bax were determined by Western blot.Results The values of LVSP, LVDP, ± dp/dt and CF were higher while that of LVEDP was lower in the SPC group than the I/R group at all time points of reperfusion ( P ＜ 0.05 ).The releases of CK and LDH and infarct size were significantly reduced in the SPC group versus the I/R group (22.2% ±2.8% vs L/R:44.9% ±6.6%, P ＜0.05).The expression of Bcl-2 increased significantly while that of Bax decreased in the SPC group verus the I/R group.Conclusion Sevoflurane postconditioning may improve myocardial functions, reduce infarct size and attenuate myocardial apoptosis.And the modulated expression of apoptotic proteins plays an important role in sevoflurane-induced myocardial protection.