The voluntary correction of sodium deficiency by the rabbit

The behaviour involved in the correction of sodium deficit has been studied in wild rabbits and also laboratory bred rabbits. They were offered 0.5 M NaCl to drink. In adrenalectomized wild rabbits variable sodium deficits were produced by withdrawal of mineralocorticoid for 24-72 hr. Correction of the deficit was remarkably precise and was achieved in 9-24 hr, being slower with smaller deficits. That is, the rate of drinking was almost commensurate with the degree of body deficit. No overdrinking occurred by 24 hr. Repetition of the experiment with 24 hr deficiency and with the offer of a cafeteria of 0.5 M NaCl, 0.5 M KCl, 0.25 M CaCl2 and 0.25 M MgCl2 showed the increased appetite was specific for NaCl. Both wild and laboratory rabbits, adrenally intact, were made sodium deficient by the diuretic furosemide. Voluntary salt intake did not peak until 6-12 hr later reflecting the characteristic delay in the genesis of salt appetite. If presentation of salt were delayed 24 hr after furosemide, the highest rate of intake was seen immediately in both wild and laboratory rabbits, but the wild rabbits were much faster in fully correcting body deficit. Infusion of isotonic NaCl, adequate to correct the deficit, given during the third-sixth hour of access to NaCl under the 24 hr delay of presentation regime, halved salt appetite over this period, and by 9-12 hr it was abolished. Polyethylene glycol induced subcutaneous fluid sequestration, salt appetite and thirst but caused an obvious severe deterioration in the animals condition.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Ascorbic acid and low-volume polyethylene glycol for bowel preparation prior to colonoscopy: A meta-analysis

AIM: To evaluate the benefits of low-volume polyethylene glycol (PEG) with ascorbic acid compared to full-dose PEG for colonoscopy preparation. METHODS: MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Database of Systematic Reviews, CINAHL, PubMed, and recent abstracts from major conferences were searched (January 2012). Only randomized-controlled trials on adult subjects comparing low-volume PEG (2 L) with ascorbic acid vs full-dose PEG (3 or 4 L) were included. Meta-analysis for the efficacy of low-volume PEG with ascorbic acid and full-dose PEG were analyzed by calculating pooled estimates of number of satisfactory bowel preparations as well as adverse patient events (abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting). Separate analyses were performed for each main outcome by using OR with fixed and random effects models. Heterogeneity was assessed by calculating the I² measure of inconsistency. RevMan 5.1 was utilized for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The initial search identified 242 articles and trials. Nine studies (n = 2911) met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed for this meta-analysis with mean age range from 53.0 to 59.6 years. All studies were randomized controlled trials on adult patients comparing large-volume PEG solutions (3 or 4 L) with low-volume PEG solutions and ascorbic acid. No statistically significant difference was noted between low-volume PEG with ascorbic acid and full-dose PEG for number of satisfactory bowel preparations (OR 1.07, 95%CI: 0.86-1.33, P = 0.56). No statistically significant difference was noted between low-volume PEG with ascorbic acid and full-dose PEG for abdominal pain (OR 1.09, 95%CI: 0.81-1.48, P = 0.56), nausea (OR 0.70, 95%CI: 0.49-1.00, P = 0.05), or vomiting (OR 0.99, 95%CI: 0.78-1.26, P = 0.95). No publication bias was noted. CONCLUSION: Low-volume PEG with the addition of ascorbic acid demonstrates no statistically significant difference to full-dose PEG for satisfactory bowel preparation and side-effects.     

两种血清循环免疫复合物测定方法的比较

目的　对测定血清循环免疫复合物 ( circulating immune complexes,CIC)的两种方法 ( PEG沉淀法及 CIC-C1 q ELISA法 )进行评价 ,进一步探讨 CIC测定的临床意义。方法　采用 PEG沉淀法和 CIC-C1 q ELISA法检测肾脏损害、系统性红斑狼疮 ( SLE)、类风湿性关节炎 ( RA)等 86例患者的血清 CIC。结果　 86例患者中 PEG沉淀法检测阳性 1 7例 ( 1 9.77% ) ,CIC-C1 q ELISA法检测阳性 3 8例 ( 4 4.1 9% ) ,差异有显著性 ( P<0 .0 5 )。CIC-C1 q ELISA法检测 SLE、RA和肾脏损害患者的 CIC阳性率分别为 1 1 /1 5、5 /8和 2 0 /61 ( 3 2 .79% )。结论　与 PEG沉淀法相比 ,CIC-C1 q ELISA法较敏感 ,适宜于临床推广应用。CIC的阳性与 SLE、RA和肾脏损害有关。     

Efficacy of 0.5-L vs 1-L polyethylene glycol containing ascorbic acid as additional colon cleansing methods for inadequate bowel preparation as expected by last stool examination before colonoscopy

BACKGROUND No consensus has been reached in patients suspected of having inadequate bowel preparation regarding optimal salvage methods, which negatively affects the efficacy and quality of colonoscopy. The most ideal and reasonable rescue option involves early suspicion and identification of patients with inadequate preparation before sedation, additional oral ingestion of a suitable preparation formulation, and same-day colonoscopy.AIM To compare 0.5-L and 1-L polyethylene glycol containing ascorbic acid(PEG +Asc) as additional bowel cleansing methods after a 2-L split-dose PEG + Asc regimen in patients with expected inadequate bowel preparation before colonoscopy.METHODS Individuals with expected inadequate bowel preparation based on last stool form, such as turbid liquid, particulate liquid, or liquid with small amounts of feces, were randomized to either a 0.5-L PEG + Asc group or a 1-L PEG + Asc group. The primary endpoint was bowel preparation as assessed using the Aronchick bowel preparation scale(ABPS) and Boston bowel preparation scale(BBPS) scores. The secondary endpoints were cecal intubation time, withdrawal time, polyp detection rate(PDR), adenoma detection rate(ADR), individual compliance with additional PEG + Asc, and patient satisfaction.RESULTS Initially, 98 patients were included, but 8 were later excluded due to withdrawal of consent to participate in the study. Adequate bowel preparation(as assessed by ABPS) was observed in 80.9%(38/47) of subjects in the 0.5-L group and in88.4%(38/43) of subjects in the 1-L group(P = 0.617). Mean total BBPS was 6.7 points in the 0.5-L group and 7.0 points in the 1-L group(P = 0.458). ADRs and PDRs were similar in the two groups, and cecal intubation and withdrawal times were not significantly different. However, mean patient satisfaction score was significantly higher in the 0.5-L group(P = 0.041).CONCLUSION The bowel cleaning efficacy of additional 0.5-L PEG + Asc was not inferior to that of 1-L PEG + Asc. Additional 0.5-L PEG + Asc is worthwhile when inadequate bowel preparation is expected before colonoscopy.     

聚乙烯颗粒对关节假体周围组织影响的免疫组化研究

目的　探讨聚乙烯颗粒对实验动物人工假体周围骨组织的影响及其作用机理。方法　选用新西兰白兔 2 0只 ,从两侧膝关节向股骨置入 Co- Cr- Mo棒 ,分别于术后 2、4、6、8、1 0 w向一侧膝关节腔内注射聚乙烯微粒 (直径 1 0 0μm)悬液 1 .5ml,向另一侧膝关节腔内注射生理盐水 1 .5ml作为对照。术后第 1 2周处死动物。行关节囊和假体周围组织行组织学和免疫组化检查。结果　 (1 )光镜下观察 :关节囊一侧见大量异物颗粒 ,异物颗粒被纤维细胞和多核巨细胞包绕。 (2 )免疫组化结果 :实验组有 8例骨髓细胞 IL- 1β阳性 ,对照组有 2例 IL- 1β阳性 ;实验组 6例骨髓细胞 TNF-α阳性 ,对照组 TNF-α没有阳性 ;实验组有 9例骨髓细胞 IL - 6阳性 ,对照组有 3例骨髓细胞 IL - 6阳性。结论　大颗粒聚乙烯在体内可不经吞噬激活细胞 ,引起颗粒诱导的生物学反应。     

Phase transformation of a new generation yttria-stabilized zirconia femoral head after total hip arthroplasty

We examined a new-generation yttria-stabilized zirconia head manufactured by NGK 1 year after total hip arthroplasty. Monoclinic content of the retrieved head was twice that of the unused head at the pole and equator. A fourfold increase in monoclinic content was observed at 5 mm below the equator. Transformation from the tetragonal phase to the monoclinic phase occurred in the new generation zirconia with alumina doping within a relatively short period in vivo.     

Liposome-complexed adenoviral gene transfer in cancer cells expressing various levels of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor

Purpose Loss of coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is frequently observed in malignant cancer, hampering adenoviral gene therapy approaches. Complexing adenovirus with cationic liposomes can increase adenoviral transgene expression, particularly in cells with CAR-deficiency. We investigated whether other factors such as lipid composition might be involved in determining the efficiency of liposome-complexed adenoviral gene transfer in cancer cells.Material and methods Human cancer cell lines with different expression levels of CAR were infected with a GFP transgene. The efficiency of transgene expression was assessed by determining GFP expression using FACS analysis.Results The efficiency of liposome-complexed adenoviral gene transfer was dependent on the lipid composition constituting liposomes. Polyethylene glycol (PEG)-containing liposomes were most effective in increasing liposome-complexed adenoviral gene transfer. In CAR-deficient cells, use of PEG-containing liposomes enhanced adenoviral gene transfer, whereas in CAR-expressing cells enhancement varied depending on cell type. In some CAR-expressing cells, the effect of liposome complexing was even comparable to that in CAR-deficient cells. Increased adenoviral transgene expression following complexing with PEG-containing liposomes correlated with liposome uptake in cancer cells.Conclusions Liposome-complexed adenoviral gene transfer appears to depend on lipid composition and the level of liposome uptake by cancer cells, in addition to CAR levels. Our study suggest that these multiple factors should be considered in designing liposome-complexed adenoviral vectors to improve outcomes of current adenoviral cancer gene therapies.     

脂肪间充质干细胞移植治疗兔急性心肌梗死的实验研究

目的探讨脂肪间充质干细胞(adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells,ADMSCs)移植治疗兔急性心肌梗死后心力衰竭的作用及其可能机制。方法 30只健康日本大耳白兔随机分为注射磷酸盐缓冲液的假手术组(n=10)、心肌梗死对照组(n=10)以及注射ADMSCs移植组(n=10)。结扎兔前室间支,建立急性心肌梗死动物模型,急性心肌梗死1h内将4',6-二脒-2-苯基吲哚(4',6-diamidio-2-phenylindole,DAPI)标记的第三代ADMSCs(5×106个,1mL)植入ADMSCs移植组梗死心肌,对照组及假手术组注射等量磷酸盐缓冲液液。术前及术后4周分别做超声心动图检查其心功能变化。取心肌梗死区组织作冰冻切片,荧光显微镜下验证移植后的ADMSCs是否向心肌细胞分化,苏木素-伊红染色和CD34免疫组化观察梗死区毛细血管新生情况。结果超声心动图检测证实移植后4周ADMSCs组左心室收缩末期直径、舒张末期直径与左心室重量指数均小于心肌梗死对照组[(0.72±0.04)cm vs.(0.88±0.07)cm,P0.05;(1.07±0.12)cm vs.(1.21±0.09)cm,P0.05;(1.176±0.057)g/kg vs.(1.361±0.095)g/kg,P0.05],而短轴缩短率、射血分数均大于心肌梗死对照组[31.87%±2.03%vs.28.00%±3.38%,P0.05;51.75%±3.37%vs.43.13%±3.72%,P0.05];ADMSCs移植组荧光显微镜下可以观察到DAPI标记细胞存在,并分化为心肌样细胞;CD34免疫组化染色显示ADMSCs组梗死局部毛细血管密度明显高于心肌梗死对照组[(20.00±2.65)个vs.(7.75±2.12)个,P0.05]。结论同种异体移植的ADMSCs能够在梗死心肌内存活并分化为心肌样细胞,增加梗死区血管新生,抑制心室重构、改善心肌梗死后心功能。     

Lubiprostone used with polyethylene glycol in diabetic patients enhances colonoscopy preparation quality

AIM: To assess the additive effect of lubiprostone on the quality of colon preparation in diabetics given single-dosed polyethylene glycol electrolyte (PEG) for colonoscopy.METHODS: This was an investigator-initiated, single-center, single-blinded prospective trial comparing the efficacy of L + PEG to PEG alone on colon preparation quality in diabetics undergoing screening colonoscopy. The study was approved by our institution’s IRB. The PEG was given as a single-dose to address patient-compliance concerns voiced by our IRB with split-dosing. All patients received only clear liquids the day prior to colonoscopy. Experimental group (Grp L) received PEG + 1 dose L 2 h prior to and 2 h after PEG completion. Control group (Grp C) received only PEG the evening prior to the colonoscopy. Patients were randomly assigned to one of the 2 groups. The endoscopist was blinded to which colon prep was given and all colonoscopies were complete. Upon colonoscopy completion, the endoscopist rated the colon prep-quality by a validated 5-point Likert scale (1-excellent to 5-inadequate).RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled in the study; 30 Grp L and 30 Grp C. Overall, patients were excluded due to study non-completion in 12 (41%) Grp L and 5 (17%) Grp C, P = 0.04. Average colon preparation score Grp L = 2.47 and Grp C = 3.00, P = 0.09. Although this was not statistically significant, there was a trend towards improved colon prep in Grp L. Statistical significance may have been achieved if completion rates had been similar between both study groups.CONCLUSION: Use of 2-L capsules with PEG resulted in a trend towards improved colon prep over PEG alone in diabetic patients when given as a single-dose regimen.     

聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的随机对照临床研究

目的评价小剂量聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型病毒性肝炎的疗效和安全性.方法192例慢性丙型肝炎患者随机分为两组：聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b 0.5μg/kg每周一次联合利巴韦林750～1050 mg/d,或普通干扰素α-2b 3 MIU每周3次联合利巴韦林750～1050 mg/d.疗程48周,治疗结束后随访24周.结果聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗的持续病毒学应答率为53.8%,而普通干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗的持续病毒学应答率为58.1%,两组持续病毒学应答率相当（P=0.966）.聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b治疗组的药物相关性不良反应发生率为100%,而普通干扰素α-2b治疗组的不良反应发生率为95.2%,两组间差异有统计学意义（P=0.033）.但是没有与干扰素α-2b聚乙二醇化相关的特有的新的不良反应发生.结论小剂量聚乙二醇干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗慢性丙型肝炎的疗效和安全性与普通干扰素α-2b联合利巴韦林治疗的疗效和安全性相当.