Effect of ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ on the biological characters of hepatic stellate cells

AIM: To study the effect of rosiglitazone, which is a ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), on the expression of PPARgamma in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and on the biological characteristics of HSCs. METHODS: The activated HSCs were divided into three groups: control group, 3 micromol/L rosiglitazone group, and 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group. The expression of PPARgamma, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), and type I and III collagen was detected by RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemical staining, respectively. Cell proliferation was determined with methylthiazolyltetrazolium (MTT) colorimetric assay. Cell apoptosis was demonstrated with flow cytometry. RESULTS: The expression of PPARgamma at mRNA and protein level markedly increased in HSCs of 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group (t value was 10.870 and 4.627 respectively, P<0.01 in both). The proliferation of HSCs in 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group decreased significantly (t = 5.542, P<0.01), alpha-SMA expression level and type I collagen synthesis ability were also reduced vs controls (t value = 10.256 and 14.627 respectively, P<0.01 in both). The apoptotic rate of HSCs significantly increased in 10 micromol/L rosiglitazone group vs control (chi(2) = 16.682, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: By increasing expression of PPARgamma in activated HSCs, rosiglitazone, an agonist of PPARgamma, decreases alpha-SMA expression and type I collagen synthesis, inhibits cell proliferation, and induces cell apoptosis.     

Troglitazone attenuates hypoxia-induced injury in cultured term human trophoblasts

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the thiazolidinedione troglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma ligand, attenuates hypoxia-induced trophoblast injury. STUDY DESIGN: Cytotrophoblasts from 4 term human placentas were cultured in the presence or absence of 10 mumol/L troglitazone in either 20% oxygen (standard conditions) or 1% oxygen (hypoxic conditions) for variable periods before cell harvest. Medium beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Apoptosis was quantified by cytokeratin-18 cleavage products staining; p53 expression was examined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS: beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and human placental lactogen levels were >/=2-fold higher in troglitazone-exposed cells at 16 hours of hypoxia, compared with vehicle control cells ( P <.05). The apoptotic index was reduced by >/=30% ( P <.001), and the expression of p53 was 2-fold lower ( P <.02) in troglitazone-exposed cells under hypoxia for 24 hours of low oxygen. CONCLUSION: Troglitazone attenuates the influence of acute hypoxia on cultured term human trophoblasts.     

Dietary clofibrate inhibits induction of hepatic antioxidant enzymes by chronic estradiol in female ACI rats

Excess production of H₂O₂ has been implicated in oncogenesis. The object of the present study was twofold: first, to determine the influence of chronic estradiol (E₂) on the activities of selected hepatic antioxidant enzymes in female ACI rats, a strain that is highly sensitive to the induction of estrogen dependent mammary tumors; secondly, to evaluate the actions of dietary clofibrate, a peroxisome proliferator, on activities of these enzymes in control and E₂-treated ACI rats. Enzymes selected for study were: NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Cytosolic catalase (CAT) was also measured as an index of peroxisome proferation in control and E_2- treated animals. E₂ was administered chronically over 6 and 12 week periods from cholesterol pellet implants containing either 1 or 3 mg E₂. Animals were fed AIN-76A diets with or without 0.4% clofibrate over the experimental period. NQO1 and GST but not GPx were induced to varying degrees (NQO1 about 300%, and GST about 45–97%) by chronic E₂-treatment. E₂-induced increases in these activities were completely prevented in rats exposed to dietary clofibrate. Dietary clofibrate also caused slight but significant reductions in baseline activities of NQO1, GST and GPx in control animals. Serum E₂ levels, increased approximately 540% in a dose-dependent manner, and were not altered by dietary clofibrate. It is concluded that chronic E2 treatment markedly induces several important hepatic antioxidant enzymes in female ACI rats, and induction of these activities by E2 is inhibited completely by dietary clofibrate. Both of these actions have the potential to markedly influence the profile of E₂ metabolites exported from the liver to E₂ sensitive extrahepatic tissues and influence the initiation and progression of hormone-dependent tumors.     

Mutations affecting the expression of the MOX gene encoding peroxisomal methanol oxidase in Hansenula polymorpha

In this study, aimed at identifying genetic factors acting positively upon the MOX gene, we report the isolation and characterisation of several methanol utilisation-defective (Mut⁻) mutants of Hansenula polymorpha. These fall into 12 complementation groups, eight of which show significant reductions in alcohol (methanol) oxidase activity in methanol. Three of these groups, identifying the MUT3, MUT5 and MUT10 loci, exhibit extremely low levels of MOX promoter activity, not only in methanol medium, but also during growth in glycerol or methylamine. We suggest that these loci play a significant role in the derepression of the MOX gene expression. One of these genes (MUT10) also seems to be involved in the utilisation of carbon sources other than methanol, and it is apparent that the same gene plays some role in the biogenesis or in the enlargement of the peroxisome. Three other genes (MUT7, MUT8 and MUT9) appear to be involved in peroxisome biogenesis, whereas most other mutants harbour lesions that leave the peroxisome biogenesis and proliferation unaffected. Received: 8 March 2000 / Accepted: 9 May 2000     

Peroxisome proliferators: mechanisms of adverse effects in rodents and molecular basis for species differences

Peroxisome proliferators (PPs), such as diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP), constitute a diverse class of chemicals with many therapeutic, industrial and environmental applications. In rodents, PPs are nongenotoxic hepatocarcinogens, raising concerns regarding the potential of PPs to harm human health. However, humans differ from rodents in their response to PPs and the weight of evidence supports the supposition that PPs do not pose a carcinogenic risk to humans. The effects of PPs in the rodent are mediated by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor α (PPARα). PPARα predominates in the liver whereas another isoform PPARγ predominates in adipose tissue and in the immune system. This tissue-specific pattern of PPARα expression is consistent with a role for PPARα but not PPARγ or PPARβ in PP-induced rodent hepatocarcinogenesis. Humans, marmosets and guinea-pigs appear refractory or less responsive to the adverse liver effects of PPs. However, humans give a therapeutic response to the fibrate PPs via an alteration in lipid metabolism mediated by PPARα. Such marked species differences may be explained by quantity of PPARα and/or the quality of the PPARα-mediated response. The lower expression of full-length functional PPARα in humans could be attributed to the presence of a truncated, inactive form of PPARα, which appears to be present in most individuals examined to date. In addition, there are species differences in sequence and responsiveness of the acyl CoA oxidase (ACO) gene promoter, suggesting that even in the presence of sufficient PPARα, the human equivalent of rodent genes associated with peroxisome proliferation may remain inactive. Received: 10 August 1999 / Accepted: 17 August 1999     

过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ配体抑制大鼠肝纤维化的实验研究

目的 研究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ(peroxisome proliferator activated receptorgamma,PPARγ)配体对大鼠肝纤维化的作用.方法 将Wistar大鼠40只随机分为两组,对照组(20只)和罗格列酮组(20只).所有动物使用饮水中加人质量比0.3‰硫代乙酰胺的方法 制作肝纤维化模型.对照组喂饲普通颗粒饲料.罗格列酮组喂饲含200 ppm罗格列酮的颗粒饲料.喂饲6个月后,用RT-PCR方法 检测肝纤维化大鼠肝脏PPARγ、TGF-β 1 及Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达,用Westernblot法检测PPARγ、TGF-β 1 、Ⅰ型胶原及α平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)表达,用Van Gieson(VG)染色的方法 检测肝组织切片的胶原表达情况.结果 罗格列酮组与对照组相比,PPARγmRNA表达显著增强(t=6.93,P<0.01),TGF-β 1 mRNA(t=3.89,P<0.01)和Ⅰ型前胶原mRNA表达显著降低(t=5.67,P<0.01).PPARγ、TGF-β 1 及Ⅰ型胶原蛋白表达所得结果 与RT-PCR结果 相一致.罗格列酮组与对照组相比,α-SMA表达显著降低(t=3.12,P<0.01).罗格列酮组肝组织切片的胶原染色低于对照组(t=3.47,P<0.01).结论 PPARγ配体能够抑制大鼠纤维化肝脏的胶原产生,在体内具有一定的抗肝纤维化作用.     

PPARγ活化对TGF-β1诱导肾小管上皮细胞趋化因子表达的干预作用

目的：观察PPARγ活化对转化生长因子-β1（TGF-β1）诱导的肾小管上皮细胞炎症相关趋化因子表达的影响,探讨其在肾脏纤维化中的干预作用。方法：体外培养肾小管上皮细胞HK-2,LDH法检测15d-PGJ2和TGL对HK-2的细胞毒性,应用不同浓度的15d-PGJ2和TGL作用于TGF-β1诱导下的HK-2细胞,应用实时荧光定量PCR技术和ELISA方法检测趋化因子单核细胞趋化蛋白-1（MCP-1）、白细胞介素-8（IL-8）表达的变化。结果：5μmol/L15d-PGJ2和2.5μmol/LTGL不影响HK-2细胞MCP-1和IL-8mRNA基础表达和蛋白分泌。TGF-β1作用24h时,2.5μmol/L和5μmol/L15d-PGJ2及2.5μmol/LTGL均能有效干预TGF-β1诱导的MCP-1mRNA表达和蛋白的分泌（P〈0.05）。IL-8的表达与MCP-1相似,2.5μmol/L和5μmol/L15d-PGJ2能显著抑制TGF-β1诱导的IL-8表达,TGF-β1诱导24h时2.5μmol/LTGL能显著抑制IL-8mRNA表达（P〈0.05）。结论：PPARγ激动剂15d-PGJ2和TGL作用均能有效干预TGF-β1诱导的肾小管上皮细胞趋化因子MCP-1和IL-8的表达,可能具有有效干预肾间质炎症作用。     

Autophagy deficiency in myeloid cells exacerbates eosinophilic inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis

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The cyclopentenone prostaglandin 15-deoxyΔ12,14-prostaglandin J2 attenuates the development of zymosan-induced shock

Objective Multiple-organ failure (MOF) is defined as the progressive deterioration in function which occurs in several organs or systems in patients with septic shock, multiple trauma, severe burns, or pancreatitis. This study investigated the effect of 15-deoxy-^12,14-PGJ₂ (15d-PGJ₂), a PPAR- ligand, in a model of zymosan-induced nonseptic shock in mice.Materials and methods Mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups (n=10 each) and treated i.p. as follows: group 1, zymosan (500 mg/kg suspended in saline solution) and vehicle (10% DMSO); group 2, zymosan (500 mg/kg suspended in saline solution) plus 15d-PGJ₂ (30 µg/kg, suspended in 10% DMSO) 1 h before and 6 h after zymosan administration; group 3, 15d-PGJ₂ (30 µg/kg, suspended in 10% DMSO; group 4, vehicle for PGJ₂ (10% DMSO) always 1 h before and 6 h after saline administration. After 18 h mice were killed and tissues and biological fluids used for biochemical, immunohistochemical, and histological analysis.Measurements and results 15d-PGJ₂ inhibited the inflammatory response and significantly reduced peritoneal mononuclear cell infiltration and histological injury in mice. A significant protection was demonstrated in kidney, liver, and pancreas injury by the reduction in amylase, lipase, creatinine, AST, ALT, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase levels. 15d-PGJ₂ also reduced the appearance of nitrotyrosine in the inflamed intestinal tissues. Histological examination revealed a significant reduction in zymosan-induced intestinal damage in 15d-PGJ₂ treated mice.Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that 15d-PGJ₂ exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects on zymosan-induced shock.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at .