超声介导上调Smad7表达对腹膜炎大鼠腹膜炎症和功能的影响

目的 通过基因转染的方法上调Smad7在大鼠腹膜组织的表达，旨在探讨Smad7的高表达对大鼠腹膜炎模型的炎症反应和腹膜功能的影响。方法 Ⅱ级雄性SD大鼠18只随机分入正常组、对照组和模型组，后两组分别给予空载体和Smad7质粒转染，72 h后腹腔内注射大肠杆菌(E.Coli, ATCC 25922) 10⁹ CFU/kg体重诱导腹膜炎，在48 h后做腹膜功能试验并杀检大鼠。检测腹水及血白细胞计数、腹水细菌菌落计数。间接免疫荧光检测Smad7和CD45在腹膜组织的表达。Western印迹检测腹膜组织Smad7蛋白的表达。应用SPSS 11.0统计软件对腹膜功能与腹水白细胞数和细菌菌落数进行Pearson多元线性相关分析。 结果 与空载体组比较，Smad7转基因组大鼠腹膜组织Smad7的表达、腹水白细胞计数和腹膜组织浸润的白细胞数均显著增加，但腹水细菌菌落计数显著降低、腹膜功能显著恶化。相关分析显示腹膜功能的恶化与腹水白细胞计数相关而与腹水细菌菌落计数无相关。结论 Smad7在大鼠腹膜组织的高表达增强了腹膜局部的炎症反应，而过强的炎症反应导致腹膜功能进一步受损。     

Lymphatic Drainage of the Peritoneal Space: A Pattern Dependent on Bowel Lymphatics

Background Understanding lymph drainage patterns of the peritoneum could assist in staging and treatment of gastrointestinal and ovarian malignancies. Sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) have been identified for solid organs and the pleural space. Our purpose was to determine whether the peritoneal space has a predictable lymph node drainage pattern. Methods Rats received intraperitoneal injections of near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent tracers: namely, quantum dots (designed for retention in SLNs) or human serum albumin conjugated with IRDye800 (HSA800; designed for lymphatic flow beyond the SLN). A custom imaging system detected NIR fluorescence at 10 and 20 minutes and 1, 4, and 24 hours after injection. To determine the contribution of viscera to peritoneal lymphatic flow, additional cohorts received bowel resection before NIR tracer injection. Associations with appropriate controls were assessed with the χ² test. Results Quantum dots drained to the celiac, superior mesenteric, and periportal lymph node groups. HSA800 drained to these same groups at early time points but continued flowing to the mediastinal lymph nodes via the thoracic duct. After bowel resection, both tracers were found in the thoracic, not abdominal, lymph node groups. Additionally, HSA800 was no longer found in the thoracic duct but in the anterior chest wall and diaphragmatic lymphatics. Conclusions The peritoneal space drains to the celiac, superior mesenteric, and periportal lymph node groups first. Lymph continues via the thoracic duct to the mediastinal lymph nodes. Bowel lymphatics are a key determinant of peritoneal lymph flow, because bowel resection shifts lymph flow directly to the intrathoracic lymph nodes via chest wall lymphatics. Dr. Parungo was the recipient of an award at the SSO meeting.     

Optimization of Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy With Oxaliplatin Plus Irinotecan at 43°C After Compete Cytoreductive Surgery: Mortality and Morbidity in 106 Consecutive Patients

Background Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC), which has hitherto been regarded as a lethal entity, can now be cured with surgery (treating macroscopic tumor seeding) combined with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) (treating residual microscopic disease). The purpose of this study was to analyze the morbidity and mortality of a particular approach associating optimal (R0–R1) cytoreduction, optimal HIPEC combining oxaliplatin and irinotecan, and an optimal homogeneous intraperitoneal temperature of 43°C. Methods A total of 106 consecutive patients were included in this prospective phase 2 study. After complete resection of the PC, HIPEC was performed by the Coliseum technique with oxaliplatin (360 mg/m²) combined with irinotecan (360 mg/m²) in 2 L/m² of 5% dextrose, over 30 minutes at a real intraperitoneal temperature of 43°C. During the hour preceding HIPEC, patients received 5-fluorouracil (400 mg/m²) and leucovorin (20 mg/m²) intravenously, resulting in tritherapy. Results Postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 4% and 66%, respectively. The most frequent complications were digestive fistula (24%), lung infection (16%), and severe hematological toxicity (11%). Statistical correlation was evidenced between morbidity and the carcinomatosis score (P = .0008), the number of resected organs (P = .0001), the duration of surgery (P = .0001), and blood loss (P = .0001). Conclusions This new approach, optimized in three respects (complete cytoreduction, combination oxaliplatin with irinotecan, and high temperature) has resulted in a relatively high but acceptable incidence of adverse events considering the expected advantage for survival.     

悬吊式、气腹腹腔镜及不同麻醉方法对妇科患者细胞因子水平的影响

目的 比较在不同麻醉方法下妇科悬吊式或气腹腹腔镜患者术中血清细胞因子白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-10(IL-10)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)和热休克蛋白70(heat shock protein 70,HSP70)水平的变化.方法 选择57例择期行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术的患者,手术时间均短于100 min,按手术方式或患者的意愿分成3组(每组19例):Ⅰ组,于静脉全麻下行CO2气体腹腔镜手术;Ⅱ组,于静脉全麻下行悬吊式腹腔镜手术;Ⅲ组,于硬膜外神经阻滞麻醉下行悬吊式腹腔镜手术.监测3组患者麻醉前(T1)、气腹或悬吊建立后30 min(T2)、气腹或悬吊撤除后10 min(T3)和术后第2天晨8时(T4)4个时点的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和HSP70浓度.结果 麻醉前患者的血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和HSP70水平差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).术后各指标的水平均升高,其中Ⅰ组在T3时达峰值,Ⅱ组和Ⅲ组在T4时达峰值.组间比较,Ⅰ组在T2时点的TNF-α水平[(31±14) pg/L)]高于Ⅱ组[(24±10) pg/L] (P＜0.05);在T3时点,Ⅰ组的IL-6[ (46±8) pg/L]、TNF-α[( 54±18) pg/L]和HSP70[ (3.18±0.58) μg/L]水平分别显著高于Ⅱ组[( 39±6) pg/L,(36±17) pg/L,(2.30±0.29) μg/L](P＜0.叭),且IL-6/IL-10比值也高于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05);此时,Ⅲ组的IL-6[(27±10) pg/L]和TNF-α[(24±7)pg/L]水平低于Ⅱ组(P＜0.05).结论 悬吊式腹腔镜技术免除了CO2气腹对机体的影响,降低了术中应激反应水平,与全身麻醉相比,硬膜外麻醉可进一步减轻此术式引起的应激反应.     

能量代谢对腹膜透析患者代谢综合征发生及维持的影响

目的 探讨腹膜透析患者代谢综合征（MS）的发生及维持与其能量代谢的关系,尤其透析液糖负荷在其中的作用。 方法 采用回顾性自身前后对照的方法观察126例腹膜透析患者近1年前后MS、透析液糖负荷及摄入能量的变化情况,研究能量摄入对MS的影响。采用横断面研究的方法对MS状态稳定的患者测定静息能量代谢,并通过活动记录评估身体活动水平来研究能量消耗对腹膜透析患者MS的影响。 结果 由非MS变为MS的患者在糖负荷增加组中的比例明显高于在糖负荷不变或减少组中的比例（κ2 = 9.552,P = 0.002）。在糖负荷增加的非MS变为MS亚组中,后半年比与前半年比较,血三酰甘油（TG）显著升高（P < 0.01）,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）显著下降（P < 0.05）,而腰围及血糖无显著变化;MS变为非MS组患者后半年C反应蛋白（CRP）比前半年显著下降（P < 0.05）。MS变为非MS组患者前后半年饮食能量摄入差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）,非MS变为MS组患者后半年饮食能量摄入没有比前半年增加,反而有所减少（P < 0.05）。在36例MS状态稳定且透析液糖负荷稳定的患者中,MS组和非MS组的每日每体表面积静息能量消耗水平差异无统计学意义（t = 0.840,P > 0.05）,但MS组的身体活动水平显著低于非MS组（t = 2.358,P < 0.05）。 结论 透析液糖负荷的增加是MS发生的重要影响因素之一,主要通过对血TG、血HDL-C的影响改变腹膜透析患者MS状态。炎性反应也是腹膜透析患者MS维持或改变的重要影响因素。尽管研究未发现饮食能量摄入和静息能量代谢影响腹膜透析患者MS的发生及维持,但活动少的生活习惯在腹膜透析患者MS的维持中起到重要作用。     

持续性非卧床腹膜透析患者119例死亡原因分析

目的 分析持续性非卧床腹膜透析（CAPD）患者的死亡原因,为延长患者生存时间提供依据.方法 回顾性分析119例CAPD患者的死亡原因,并与同期126例CAPD存活患者相比较,以寻找其死亡的高危因素.结果 心血管并发症、脑血管意外和营养不良是最主要的死亡原因,分别占30.3%、24.4%和16.8%.与存活组相比,死亡组的年龄、动脉血压（收缩压和舒张压）、胆固醇和C反应蛋白升高（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,死亡组左心室肥大的比例升高（P〈0.01）,而心脏射血分数、血红蛋白、血浆白蛋白、主观综合性营养评估、尿素氮清除率、透析前残余肾功能和透析前尿量降低（P〈0.01）.结论 心脑血管并发症和营养不良是CAPD患者最主要的死亡原因,与残余肾功能减退、左心室肥大、高血压、蛋白质丢失和微炎症等因素有关.保护残余肾功能、积极有效地控制高血压、纠正营养不良和减少腹膜炎的发生率将有助于延长患者生存时间,降低死亡率.     

腹腔复苏对失血性休克家兔血乳酸和酸碱平衡的影响

目的 观察腹腔复苏对失血性休克家兔血乳酸(BL)浓度、酸碱平衡状态,探讨其在失血性休克救治中的作用.方法 21只雄性家兔随机分为三组,腹腔复苏组(A组)、常规静脉复苏组(B组)、正常对照组(C组).A、B组于10 min内使MAP降至40 mm Hg,维持60 min后,在20 min内静脉回输放出的血液和两倍于放血量的复方乳酸钠进行液体复苏,并于血液和液体复苏的同时,A组腹腔内注射120 ml临床用透析液,而B、C组腹腔注入等量生理盐水对照.观察休克前后与复苏后的MAP,测定动脉血pH、HCO-3、BE、BL.复苏后180 min,取门静脉血测定BL浓度,然后静脉注射空气处死家兔.结果 复苏后30、60、90 min,A组MAP高于B组(P＜0.01).复苏后60、180min时A组静脉血和复苏后180 min门静脉血BL值明显低于B组(P＜ 0.05),pH、HCO3、BE分别高于B组(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).且A组在复苏后180 min与C组相应值相近,同时也接近休克前水平.结论 腹腔复苏对失血性休克的早期救治具有一定的实用价值.     

脂多糖作用下腹膜间皮细胞骨桥蛋白表达及乌司他丁的影响

目的：观察脂多糖对大鼠腹膜间皮细胞（RPMC）中骨桥蛋白（OPN）表达的影响;观察乌司他丁（ulinastatin）作用下RPMC的OPN细胞分布及mRNA表达的影响。方法：胰蛋白酶法行RPMC的原代培养和传代,经鉴定第3代细胞融合至80%时分组。正常对照组：不同浓度LPS（50,100μg/ml）组;50μg/mlLPS作用不同时间（8,12,24,34,48h）组;乌司他丁组：（160,320,640U/ml）与LPS50mg/L作用24h,RealTime-RT-PCR技术检测骨桥蛋白（OPN）、TGF-β1mRNA的表达。结果：LPS可刺激RPMC的骨桥蛋白表达显著增加,呈剂量、时间依赖性（P〈0.05）;乌司他丁可降低LPS引起的RPMC中的骨桥蛋白表达,呈剂量依赖性（P〈0.05）。结论：脂多糖通过上调骨桥蛋白的表达,引起腹膜损伤导致腹膜纤维化,乌司他丁可以一定程度抑制骨桥蛋白引起的腹膜纤维化过程。     

无气腹悬吊与气腹腹腔镜手术对妇科手术患者血清细胞因子和HSP70水平的影响

目的比较妇科无气腹悬吊式与气腹腹腔镜手术对患者术中血清细胞因子白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、白细胞介素-10（IL-10）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）和热休克蛋白70（HSP 70）水平的影响。方法选择2005年7月至2006年2月择期行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剜除术的38例患者,手术时间均在100 min内,随机分成两组,每组19例。Ⅰ组于静脉全身麻醉下行CO2气体腹腔镜手术;Ⅱ组于静脉全身麻醉下行无气腹悬吊式腹腔镜手术。监测两组患者麻醉前（T1）、气腹或悬吊建立后30 min（T2）、气腹或悬吊撤除后10 min（T3）和术后次日晨8时（T4）4个时点的TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和HSP70水平。结果麻醉前患者的血清IL-6、IL-10、TNF-α和HSP70水平差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后各指标的水平均升高,其中Ⅰ组在T3时达峰值,Ⅱ组在T4时达峰值。组间比较,Ⅰ组在T2时点的TNF-α水平高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）;在T3时点,Ⅰ组的IL-6、TNF-α和HSP70水平显著高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.01）,且IL-6/IL-10比值也高于Ⅱ组（P〈0.05）。结论悬吊式腹腔镜技术避免了CO2气腹对机体的影响,降低了术中应激反应水平。     

Facteurs influençant le choix de la dialyse péritonéale : le point de vue des patients et des néphrologues

PurposeTo identify factors related to the choice of peritoneal dialysis as a first dialysis technique: the viewpoint of patients and viewpoint of nephrologists.MethodsA retrospective multicenter study, type case-control was conducted in patients starting dialysis between 2010 and 2014 in 4 dialysis facilities in the PACA region. Nephrologists take care of patients included in the study were also interviewed. Data were collected using two standardized questionnaires: One for the patient and one for the nephrologists and using the French REIN registry.ResultsOne hundred and fifty patients were interviewed, the average age was 63.7 years. The medical contraindication for PD was present in 26.7%. Among patients eligible for both dialysis techniques, 46.7% had a preference for DP, 31.8% for HD and 21.5% did not have any preference. Patient preference is strongly influenced by information and the duration of predialysis nephrologist care (referral of nephrologist). The main factors related to personal choice of peritoneal dialysis are autonomy and desire for autonomy. Emergency dialysis influences negatively the choice of the PD.ConclusionA third of eligible patients for the 2 techniques could and wanted to be on PD. The limitations for PD are mainly related to professional practices. Better information could increase the utilization of PD to 32%.