Non-invasive and minimally invasive staging of regional lymph nodes in penile cancer

Introduction  The management of the regional lymph nodes in penile cancer patients, particularly when these lymph nodes are impalpable, remains controversial. Prophylactic bilateral inguinal lymphadenectomy is associated with high morbidity and is often unnecessary. However, there is no non-invasive or minimally invasive staging technique that can determine the lymph node status of penile cancer patients with 100% accuracy. Methods  We reviewed the current literature to examine the role of non-invasive and minimally invasive techniques for staging regional lymph nodes in penile cancer with particular reference to clinically impalpable disease. Results  Cross-sectional imaging (un-enhanced CT and MRI) modalities have a role in the assessment of patients with palpable inguinal basins and in locating distant metastases, but are unreliable in staging impalpable regional lymph nodes. The spatial resolution of lymphotropic nanoparticle enhanced MRI (LNMRI) and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT are limited to several millimetres and so these modalities cannot reliably detect micro-metastases (<2 mm). Ultrasound (US) and fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) are indicated in staging palpable inguinal basins but are unreliable in isolation in the assessment of impalpable lymph nodes. They are, however, useful as an adjunct to dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy (DSLNB) in lowering false-negative rates. Conclusions  While we await staging modalities that can equal the results of DSLNB with fewer disadvantages, histological staging in the form of DSLNB remains the best minimally invasive staging modality we can offer at risk patients presenting with clinically node negative groins.     

阴茎原位癌的诊断及治疗

目的：提高Bowen病及增殖性红斑的诊治水平。方法：分析18例Bowen病及增殖性红斑患者临床病理资料。发病年龄32～72岁，平均49岁。病程3个月～3年，平均1．5年。10例行局部病变切除术或包皮环切术，8例电凝治疗。结果：15例随访4～48个月，2例在阴茎头未治疗区出现新的病变，外涂5％5．氟脲嘧啶软膏治疗治愈后随访3及9个月无复发；13例治愈无复发。结论包括较深层组织的病理活检是鉴别Bowen病或增殖性红斑与阴茎癌以及其他男性外生殖器疾病的关键，局部病变手术切除，5-氟脲嘧啶软膏外涂可有效治疗Bowen病或增殖性红斑。     

应用阴囊皮瓣矫治小儿隐匿阴茎

目的 探讨利用阴囊皮瓣矫治小儿隐匿阴茎的疗效.方法 于阴茎腹侧纵行切开狭窄环,距冠状沟约0.5 cm环状切开包皮内板,将包皮脱套至阴茎根部.完全切除异常附着筋膜,裁剪包皮包绕冠状沟.于阴茎阴囊交界处向阴囊两侧切开,将两侧阴囊皮瓣上移覆盖阴茎根部.缝合包皮,重建阴茎阴囊角,阴囊成形.结果 2009年3月至2011年7月采用阴囊皮瓣矫治隐匿阴茎患儿24例,术后尿道外口粘连2例,经尿道扩张后排尿正常;包皮远端轻度坏死1例,经门诊换药2周后好转,余21例手术效果良好.随访6个月至2年,所有患儿均未发现阴茎回缩,阴茎外观塑形良好,勃起时无侧弯、旋转.结论 应用阴囊皮瓣矫治小儿隐匿阴茎可最大程度地显露阴茎,塑形效果良好,并发症较少,是一种较为理想的手术方法.     

补肾通络方对去势大鼠阴茎组织NOS基因表达的影响

目的 探讨一氧化氮合酶（NOS）基因表达与补肾通络方在阴茎勃起中的关系。方法 将40只成年雄性大白鼠随机分为四组，去势组，补肾通络方组与丙酸睾酮组分别切除双侧睾丸，其中补肾通络方组和丙酸睾酮组在切除睾丸后给予中药及丙酸睾酮替代，于术后3周取阴茎组织，用PCR检测其NOSmRNA的表达。结果 去势组NOSmRNA的表达较其它3组下降，而表现NOSmRNA增多的组，由多到少排定为对照组，丙酸睾酮组及补肾通络方组；对照组，丙酸睾酮组及补肾通络方组其NOSmRNA内控量较多，与去势组比较有显性差异（P＜0．05），而丙起睾酮组及补肾通络方组之间无显性差异（P＞0．05）。结论 补肾通络方可能通过调节NOSmRNA表达而在阴茎勃起中发挥重要作用。     

改良内镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术医护配合

目的 总结探讨改良内镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术（VEIL）的医护配合经验,为更好配合内镜手术开展及推广提供支持.方法 回顾性总结我院2010年4月至2013年12月9例行双侧改良内镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术的阴茎癌患者医护配合特点,统计相关数据.结果 9例患者（18侧）手术在医护配合下均成功完成,单侧手术时间79～121 min,平均时间97 min,手术清扫淋巴结7～11个,平均8个,每例患者术中出血量45～90 ml,平均51ml,无中转开放,无术中并发症;术后除1例患者发生淋巴漏外,无一例发生皮瓣坏死或切口延迟愈合,无出现腘窝血管压迫及压疮.结论改良内镜下腹股沟淋巴结清扫术在保证肿瘤根治效果的同时降低了手术难度,降低了并发症发生率,注意术中医护配合细节,可更好的完成手术,利于该术式规范化及推广.     

Audiovisual Sexual Stimulation Improves Diagnostic Accuracy of Penile Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction

IntroductionAlthough penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU) is a useful tool in evaluating erectile dysfunction (ED), an optimal erectile response might be limited because of an increased sympathetic discharge. Audiovisual sexual stimulation (AVSS) has been suggested to help improving PDU performance.AimTo evaluate the use of AVSS as a tool to improve diagnostic accuracy of PDU studies.MethodsA total of 40 men (mean age: 61.8 ± 10.2 years) with ED were enrolled. PDU sessions were performed in a randomized fashion as follows: session A under intracavernous injection (ICI) alone and session B under ICI and AVSS with 7-day interval between sessions. Peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV), and resistive index (RI) were measured 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes after ICI.Main Outcome MeasureComparisons between PSV, EDV, and RI values were performed with and without AVSS. Univariable and multivariable analyses including clinical and demographic parameters were performed to evaluate predictors of an abnormal PDU.Results23 patients performed the first session without AVSS, and 17 performed the first session with AVSS. EDV and RI were better in AVSS session (p = 0.022 and 0.019). PSV was not influenced by AVSS (p = 0.768). The proportion of patients whose diagnosis was changed because of the AVSS was 4 of 40 (10.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.8–23.7%). Of 12 patients with venous leak observed on the PDU without AVSS, 3 turned into normal after AVSS (25.0%, 95% CI: 5.5–57.2%). Of 4 men with arterial insufficiency observed on the PDU on ICI alone, 1 became normal after AVSS (25.0%, 95% CI: 0.6–80.6%). International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores were lower in patients with abnormal PDU (6.3 ± 3.3 vs 12.0 ± 5.8, p=0.003). On multivariable analysis, DM and International Index of Erectile Function-5 scores were the only independent predictors of abnormal PDU studies.Clinical ImplicationsFalse diagnoses of venous leak during PDU with ICI could be a result of an increased adrenergic discharge during the examination. Routine AVSS may be helpful to avoid error in diagnosis.Strength & LimitationsThe study has randomized the use of AVSS in different session orders. Only one previously published study has used this strategy to control the accommodation effect in repeat studies, a common source of bias in the PDU literature. The main limitation is the absence of a rigidity assessment and a redosing protocol.ConclusionAdding AVSS during PDU improves ICI response and may help clinicians evaluate penile hemodynamics more accurately.Carneiro F, Nascimento B, Miranda EP, et al. Audiovisual Sexual Stimulation Improves Diagnostic Accuracy of Penile Doppler Ultrasound in Patients With Erectile Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2020;17:249–256.