The influence of paternal and maternal drinking patterns within two-partner families on the initiation and development of adolescent drinking

As it is still unclear to what extent parental drinking is a predictor of children's alcohol use, we tested the association of specific paternal and maternal drinking patterns with both initiation and development of adolescent alcohol use. Longitudinal data (four annual measurements) of parent-child dyads (N=2319) have been used. Parental drinking patterns have been identified using latent class analysis. The association of parental drinking patterns with the initiation and development of 12-15 year olds' drinking have been examined with latent growth curve modeling. Only two out of six parental drinking patterns were related to adolescent drinking. That is, having a heavy drinking father or two heavy episodic drinking parents particularly predicts early and heavier adolescent drinking. When controlled for parenting behaviors and background variables, such as adolescent gender, age and socioeconomic status (SES), these findings remained significant. Interaction analyses revealed that the influence of parental heavy (episodic) drinking differs across gender and is especially strong among adolescents with lower SES. Thus, parental heavy (episodic) drinking, and not so much the frequency of drinking, predicts the initiation and development of alcohol consumption in their offspring. Parents and professionals must be aware that parental heavy drinking affects their offspring, particularly adolescents with lower SES, resulting in earlier and heavier drinking among this high-risk group.     

父母教养方式对学生认知方式发展的影响

目的 考察父母教养方式与学生认知方式发展之间的关系。方法 从两所中学抽取395名高中生,对其进行团体镶嵌图形测验(GEFT)。依据GEFT的成绩,从中选取典型的场独立和场依存学生共220名,随后采用父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)调查其父母教养方式。结果 在FSS2、FSS3、FSS4、FSS6、MSS2、MSS3和MSS4因子上,场独立组与场依存组学生之间存在显著的差异。结论 ①场依存学生的父母对其有较强的严厉管制倾向;②场独立学生的父亲表现出更多的偏爱行为;③场独立学生的母亲有更多的拒绝、否认行为。     

Parental influences on parent-reported motor skills in young children with developmental disabilities

BackgroundYoung children with developmental disabilities (DDs) often experience motor skill deficits. Although parents play an important role in developing their children’s motor skills, the association between parents of young children with DDs and those children’s motor skills has not been widely studied.ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to cross-sectionally examine the pathway by which parental physical activity (PA) support, explicit modeling, and child’s PA are associated with motor skills in young children with DDs.MethodOne hundred and thirty-five parents of young children (5–7 years) with DDs completed an online questionnaire which included questions about parental PA support, parental explicit PA modeling, children’s PA behavior and children’s motor skill variables.ResultsPathway analysis was conducted to examine the pathways between parental tangible support and explicit modeling and motor skills in young children with DDs. The pathway analysis indicated that parental tangible support and explicit modeling are significantly associated with PA behaviors in young children with DDs, which in turn, are associated with their motor skills.ConclusionsThe results from this study suggest that young children with DDs may acquire motor skills by participating in PA. In addition, parents of young children with DDs can indirectly be associated with the motor skills of their children by supporting PA and becoming a PA role model. For parents of young children with DDs, increasing the PA behaviors of their children maybe away to improve their children’s motor skills.     

大专生职业决策自我效能与父母教养方式的相关研究

目的探讨大专生职业决策自我效能与父母教养方式的关系。方法运用职业决策自我效能和父母教养方式量表对300名大专生进行测量。结果①大专生职业决策自我效能存在年级差异;②大专生职业决策自我效能与父母情感温暖、理解呈显著相关;③大专生选择目标、制定规划、问题解决与父亲过分干涉呈显著负相关．收集信息与母亲惩罚、严厉呈显著负相关。结论父母教养方式是大专生职业决策自我效能的影响因素之一。     

Counselling impact of three-dimensional imaging in perinatal consultation

Objective The medical and emotional impact of three-dimensional imaging will be reviewed in the context of perinatal consultation.

Methods A literature review on three-dimensional (3D) imaging is compared to our experience with consecutive patients referred for perinatal consultation. High-resolution two-dimensional (2D) scanning and concurrent volume-mode imaging (Aloka 1700) were available for all patients. Informed consent for three-dimensional use was obtained to document patient acceptance. Patients with superficial defects underwent typical surface rendering, with images obtained by mechanical sweep in less than 4 s. Patients with defects requiring internal rendering underwent imaging with a new sectional technique similar to 'tomogram' slices. This rapidly produces volume-rendered images in a single plane with unique three-dimensional characteristics. No post-image processing was required, allowing immediate patient feedback. All patients were followed to delivery. Post-delivery neonatal images were obtained when possible. A follow-up patient survey is reported.

Results Of 1639 consecutive patients, 2.9% were preconceptual, leaving 1591 available for high-resolution 2D scanning and concurrent volume-mode imaging (Aloka 1700). Abnormal ultrasound findings (positive examinations) were found in 537 of the 1591 ultrasound patients (33.7%). The percentage of positive scans ranged from 2% (1/50) for patients referred only for '3D' to 67.2% for patients referred for a previous suspected abnormality on screening ultrasound (236/351). There were 386 patients with structural fetal abnormalities potentially amenable to volume rendering (24.2%). Consistently improved counselling occurred for major abnormalities such as chromosomal defects (14/14), abdominal wall defect (11/11), neural tube defect (11/11), cystic hygroma/lymphangioma (9/9), skeletal dysplasia (5/5), hydrops (7/7), ovarian mass (6/6), myoma (11/14) and fetal chest mass (5/5). Moderate image concordance was seen for nuchal thickness (4/8), renal dysgenesis and dilatation (37/76), and placental mass or separation (28/49). Lowest concordance was seen for 'soft' findings such as echogenic bowel (0/15), isolated single umbilical artery (0/9) and isolated choroid plexus cysts (4/34). If we include all ultrasound patients, 3D imaging had added counselling value in 10.5% of consultative visits. In a post-delivery follow-up interview, patient acceptance was high (no refusals) and up to 87% of patients felt the 3D imaging was 'successful'. Despite this high acceptance, only 61 % thought 3D imaging should be used in routine obstetric ultrasound. The highest stated concern for routine use would be the potential added charges of the examination.

Conclusion Volume-mode imaging of fetal abnormalities can provide powerful visual concordance for discussing normal and abnormal fetal development. Complex syndromes with superficial and deep architecture are accessible with a simple volume-mode planar scanning technique. Care must be taken to consider this tool as advanced practice sonography as the potential emotional and financial impact of routinely adding three-dimensional imaging is not yet understood.     

Parental Determinants of Overweight and Obesity in Iranian Adolescents: A National Study

Objective

Overweight among adolescents is not only an important public health problem but also a problem affecting economic growth in developing countries. The aim of this study was to investigate the parental determinants of overweight and obesity in Iranian adolescents at national level.

Methods

This cross sectional study was conducted within the framework of the Comprehensive Study on Household Food Consumption Patterns and Nutritional Status of IR Iran during 2001-2003. In adolescents, anthropometric indices were defined based on the CDC 2000 cut-off points for age and gender-specific body mass index (BMI). Parental characteristics were collected by questionnaire. Among the 7158 participating households, data on 7908 adolescents aged 11-19 years (3750 girls and 4158 boys) was analyzed.

Findings

The prevalence of overweight (85–94th percentile) in boys and girls was 6.2%, and 8.7%, respectively. The prevalence of obesity (≥95th percentile) among boys and girls was similar (3.3%). Parents’ weight status, father''s job and parents’ education showed significant association with weight status in adolescents. Logistic regression analysis showed that parental overweight and obesity, parental education and father''s job were the main parental determinants of overweight and obesity in Iranian adolescents.

Conclusion

Parental overweight and obesity, parental education and father''s job seem to be the major parental determinants of overweight in Iranian adolescents. Future prevention programs must take these risk factors into account.     

龙岩市蚊类调查报告

本文报道了1980—2000年闽西地区蚊类调查情况,调查表明;我市蚊为9属36种,未发现微小按蚊及嗜人按蚊,蚊虫全年均有活动,活动高峰为5—10月。人房蚊种主要为中华按蚊、致倦库蚊及三带喙库蚊,夜间活动高峰为21:00—凌晨3:00。同时也调查了白纹伊蚊季节消长及活动规律,为我市控制及消灭丝虫病、疟疾、乙脑及登革热提供了依据。     

儿童时期父母教养方式对躯体化障碍人格特征的影响

目的探讨躯体化障碍的人格特征及父母教养方式对躯体化障碍人格特征的影响。方法 56例躯体化障碍患者和56例正常对照者进行父母教养方式评价量表(EUMB)和艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)测评,将所得结果进行分析。结果 (1)躯体化障碍组的EPQ-E和EPQ-N分、EPQ-L分均明显高于正常对照组(P<0.01);(2)与正常对照组相比,躯体化障碍组父母有更少的情感温暖和理解(P<0.01),母亲有更少的过度干涉、过度保护和偏爱被试(P<0.05);(3)父母的情感温暖、理解因子、母亲的偏爱被试因子分与EPQ-E呈正相关(P<0.05);父母的情感温暖、理解因子及母亲的过分干涉、过度保护因子与EPQ-N呈负相关,母亲的拒绝、否认因子与EPQ-N呈正相关(P<0.05);母亲的过分干涉、过度保护因子及拒绝、否认因子与EPQ-L呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论躯体化障碍患者存在一定的人格问题,表现为外倾、神经质;父母的教养方式与躯体化障碍的形成有关,个体童年时期经历过多父母对其情感上的忽视、被拒绝、压抑与躯体化障碍人格的形成有关。     

父母对向未婚年轻人提供生殖健康服务的态度及影响因素分析

目的:了解并分析父母对向未婚年轻人提供性与生殖健康信息及服务的态度。方法:采用分层、多级和整群抽样方法以及结构式问卷调查。结果:有效调查2871名家庭中至少有1个15～24岁的未婚子/女的父亲和母亲。约80%的父母对未婚年轻人寻求性与生殖健康咨询和服务持理解和赞成,但对未婚者使用避孕措施理解和赞成者减少;超过50%的父母赞成向未婚年轻人提供性与生殖健康教育和信息,但对于主动提供避孕服务,反对和赞成者各占1/4,理解者超过1/3。结论:父母的态度既宽容又矛盾,与其人口学特征及自身的性与生殖健康知识水平有关,提示应重视家庭性教育水平和能力的提高。