聋哑儿童社会期望与父母教养方式的关系研究

目的 探讨聋哑儿童的社会期望与父母教养方式的关系.方法 对190名聋哑儿童的儿童社会期望与父母教养方式进行测试.结果 ①不同性别聋哑儿童的父母养育方式有显著差异;②聋哑儿童的社会期望值存在非常显著的性别差异;③不同社会期望值聋哑儿童的父母教养方式的存在显著差异.④聋哑儿童社会期望与父母教养方式有显著相关.结论 父母养育方式是影响聋哑儿童社会期望值的重要因素.     

National prescribing practices of adolescent psychiatrists for psychotropic medications in outpatient care in Finland

A possible link between experiences of dysfunctional parental rearing and late behavioural outcomes could consist of the development of dysfunctional assumptions about self and others in relationship. This hypothesis has previously been addressed in psychiatric patients. Accordingly, the confounding influence of mental status on the endorsement of dysfunctional assumptions cannot be wholly excluded. The present study, in which a community sample of 233 subjects was enrolled, was planned to contribute to clarifying this issue. Subjects completed the EMBU to assess perceptions of parental rearing and two measures of dysfunctional assumptions, or dysfunctional working models: the DAS and the DWM-S. It was predicted that experiences of caring parental rearing would be negatively correlated with scores on both the DAS and the DWM-S. Conversely, it was predicted that experiences of dysfunctional parenting would be positively correlated with scores on the two scales. Both predictions were supported by the results. Perceptions of dysfunctional maternal rearing contribute most to high scores both on the DAS and the DWM-S.     

Parental mental health, education, age at childbirth and child development from six to 18 months

Aim: To investigate the effect six-month parental mental health has on children's six and 18-month development. Parental covariates of age and education were also analysed.
Methods: Through a national random selection, 21 648 babies were selected. Parental self perceived overall mental health was measured using 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and children's development using the Taiwan Birth Cohort Study (TBCS) instrument which measures gross motor, fine motor, language and social dimensions of children's development.
Results: Both multiple linear regression and structural equation modeling showed that when the covariates of parental education and age at childbirth were added, the effect parental mental health has on children's development decreases. Additionally, maternal mental health had a more persistent and pervasive effect than paternal mental health. Father's mental health at six months had a delayed effect, in that its influence was seen only with children's development at 18 months. Of the three factors of parental mental health, education and age at childbirth, parental education had the most pervasive and persistent effect on children's development.
Conclusion: Although parental mental health has an effect on children's development, parental education and age at childbirth are vital confounding factors, which should be considered in future studies. Clinical health care providers should provide childcare resources and instructions to younger, less educated and parents with mental symptoms.     

Perceptions of vaccine safety in a global context

Given the serious consequences of low vaccine coverage, concerns and misconceptions need to be taken seriously and responded to appropriately to sustain accomplishments of immunization programmes. For parental decisions related to childhood vaccinations, it seems reasonable to assume that the cultural context of the immunization programme is of importance. This article is a short review of some recent studies of parental decision‐making on vaccination in developed countries Kazaktstan, Uzbekistan and Northern Nigeria. Furthermore, an attempt is made to relate the findings in these studies to theoretical models of parental decision‐making. Conclusion: For the implementation of immunization programmes, it is important to develop an in‐depth understanding of mechanisms underlying decisions to accept or reject the vaccination of a child. Theoretical models may aid in the understanding of these mechanisms.     

Warm and harsh parenting as mediators of the relation between maternal and adolescent emotion regulation

Maternal hostility/rejection and warmth were considered as potential mediators of the relation between mothers' and adolescents' emotion regulation. Participants were first-year high school students living in Ankara, Turkey and their mothers (N = 365). Scales assessing emotion regulation difficulties and maternal hostility/rejection and warmth were administered to both the adolescents and their mothers. Maternal hostility/rejection, but not warmth, mediated the relation between maternal and adolescent emotion regulation. For girls there was, additionally, a direct effect of maternal emotion regulation. The different roles played by parental rejection and parental warmth in the development of adolescents' emotion regulation accord with arguments that socialization occurs in different domains and that rejection and warmth are not aspects of the same domain.     

Externalizing Behaviors among Children of HIV Seropositive Former and Current Drug Users: Parent Support Network Factors as Social Ecological Risks

Children affected by their parents’ dual drug use and HIV/AIDS face considerable challenges to their psychosocial development, including parent dysfunction and foster care placement. While HIV/AIDS may increase parents’ mobilization of social support, their drug use may restrict who is available to help them, with potential implications to the adjustment of their children with whom they remain in contact. This study sought to identify dually affected children’s living situations, and parent and parent’s support network factors as correlates of children’s externalizing problem behaviors. An urban community sample of 462 HIV seropositive, current or former drug-using parents were queried about their children aged 5–15 years old. One hundred ninety-four children were reported by 119 parents. The outcome was children’s externalizing behaviors of ever having been suspended or expelled from school, criminal-justice system involvement, or illicit drug or heavy alcohol use. Independent variables included kin and drug users in parent’s support network. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for the potential correlation of children of the same parent. Among parents, 63% were mothers, 57% current opioid or cocaine users, 85% were African American, 35% had AIDS or CD <200, and 53% had high depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥ 16); median age was 38. Among children, median age was 12; 23% lived with the nominating parent, 65% with other family, and 11% in non-kin foster care. While only 34% of parents reported child custody, 43% reported daily contact with their child, and 90% reported high emotional closeness. Parents reported externalizing behaviors among 32% of the children. Logistic regression indicated that externalizing behavior was positively associated with parent’s physical limitations and proportion of illicit drug users in parent’s support network. A significant interaction was found indicating that the effect of parent’s support network-level drug use was greater for children living with versus not living with the parent. The model adjusted for parent’s current drug use and depressive symptoms, which were not significant. Results indicate that while only a minority of these dually affected children lived with the parent, the parents’ physical limitations and embeddedness in drug using support networks, particularly if living with their children, was associated with the children’s maladjustment. It is plausible that these factors interfere with parenting, expose the children to conflict or adverse social influences, or obligate children to assume caregiving for their parent. While dually affected children’s contact with their parents may have important benefits, results suggest it presents ongoing needs for intervention with the children, their parents, and caregivers. Knowlton, Wissow, and Latkin are with the Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Buchanan is with the Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pilowsky is with the Departments of Epidemiology and Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.     

父母教养方式对中专生身心健康的影响

目的探讨父母教养方式对中专生身心的影响，为中专生的健康促进提供依据。方法采用父母教养方式评价量表（EMBU）和症状自评量表（SCL-90），对南充市两所中专学校190名一年级新生进行测查。结果症状自评量表筛查出有心理问题者19人，占10.50%。父亲惩罚严厉、偏爱被试与SCL-90躯体化和敌对因子呈显著正相关；母亲情感温暖、理解与躯体化呈显著负相关，过干涉和过保护与总分、躯体化、敌对和恐怖因子呈显著正相关，而母亲惩罚严厉与SCL-90总分及各因子呈显著正相关。结论父母教养方式与中专生身心健康密切相关。     

Parental leave and child health

This study investigates whether rights to parental leave improve pediatric health. Aggregate data are used for 16 European countries over the 1969 through 1994 period. More generous paid leave is found to reduce deaths of infants and young children. The magnitudes of the estimated effects are substantial, especially where a causal effect of leave is most plausible. In particular, there is a much stronger negative relationship between leave durations and post-neonatal or child fatalities than for perinatal mortality, neonatal deaths, or low birth weight. The evidence further suggests that parental leave may be a cost-effective method of bettering child health.