郭氏中药治疗中度地方性氟骨症X线改变的随机对照试验

目的:观察中度地方性氟骨症患者骨骼损害的X 线表现特点以及郭氏中药疗法治疗前后X线的变化情况.方法:2007年12月至2009年8月,采用区组随机化方法,借助中央随机系统将114例中度氟骨症患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,其中治疗组60例,男26例,女34例,年龄39～60岁,平均(51.68±4.98)岁;对照组54例,男30例,女24例,年龄39～60岁,平均(52.15±4.86)岁.两组均采用基础治疗,包括补充钙剂和汤药准备阶段.补充钙剂采用口服钙尔奇D 600 mg,每日1次,连服3个月.汤药准备阶段服用调节胃肠功能,促进消化吸收中药汤剂,服用3 d.治疗组药物采用郭氏马钱汤,口服,分2次服用,每次200 ml,连续服用8周;8周后改服骨康宁胶囊,规格为每粒0.44 g,每次2粒,每日3次,连续服用4周,疗程为12周.治疗后随访24周,总观察期36周.对照组药物采用汤药和胶囊安慰剂,服药方法和疗程与治疗组相同.治疗结束后,由7位骨科及放射学专家,采用事先根据地方性氟骨症X线征象和分度标准(WS192-2008)设计的专家评价表(包括骨质硬化、骨质疏松软化、骨周关节改变及混合改变的发生和改变情况),评价治疗前后X线的情况并进行统计处理.结果:地方性氟骨症的各种X线征象在114例中度氟骨症的X线片中均可见发生.骨质硬化:前臂4例,小腿7例,骨盆4例,腰椎4例;骨质疏松软化:前臂23例,小腿23例,骨盆5例,腰椎8例;混合改变:前臂6例,小腿9例,骨盆10例,腰椎1例;骨周关节改变:前臂107例,小腿47例,骨盆28例,腰椎19例.对照组治疗前后各部位X线片上的各种表现对比均无变化.治疗组仅有2例在骨周及关节改变情况发生治疗前后的变化,1例表现为小腿骨间膜骨化情况较治疗前好转,另1例表现为骨盆左髋臼外侧骨周增生消失.治疗组其余病例治疗前后各部位X线表现对比无变化.两组治疗前后X线变化情况的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论:郭氏中药疗法在氟骨症的放射学方面无明显改善作用.     

2009年山东省地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解山东省地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订防治策略提供科学依据.方法 按照国家<2008年地方病防治项目技术实施方案>的要求,在山东省选择34个县为项目县,各项目县将所有病区村按病情的严重程度分为轻、中、重3层,再在每一层各选择1个病区村,进行病情监测.水氟、尿氟测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8～12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,16岁以上成人临床和X线摄片检查氟骨症.结果 在34个县中,调查70个改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村54个,占77.14%(54/70);＞1.00 mg/L的村16个,占22.86%(16/70);水氟最大值为4.46 mg/L.调查32个未改水村,水氟≤1.00 mg/L的村9个,占28.12%(9/32);＞1.00mg/L的村23个,占71.88%(23/32),水氟最大值为4.09 mg/L.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为45.81%(1988/4340),氟斑牙指数为0.97,缺损率为6.91%(300/4340).儿童尿氟在1.40 mg/L以上的人数占55.33%(1417/2657),最高值为18.53 mg/L.16岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为4.25%(2462/57 968)、28.40%(23/81).成人尿氟在1.60 mg/L以上的人数占55.86%(1130/2023),最高值为25.44 mg/L.结论 山东省地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到有效的控制,防治形势依然比较严峻,须进一步加大防治力度.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the current status of endemic fluorosis in Shandong province, and to provide the scientific evidence for making strategies for prevention and control of the disease. Methods According to "The National Technical Scheme for Endemic Disease Control in 2008", thirty-four counties were divided into mild, moderate and severe endemic fluorosis areas and a village was randomly selected from each category of the area to carry out the monitoring of endemic fluorosis. The content of fluoride in drinking water and urine was determined by F-ion selective electrode, dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was diagnosed by Dean method and skeletal fluorosis diagnosed by clinic and X-rays. Results The monitoring was done in 70 water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 54 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 77.14%(54/70), 16 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 22.86%(16/70), the highest water fluoride content was 4.46 mg/L. The monitoring was also carried out in 32 non-water-improving villages in 34 counties, among which 9 villages had water fluoride content ≤ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 28.12%(9/32), 23 villages had water fluoride content ＞ 1.00 mg/L and accounted for 71.88% (23/32), the highest water fluoride content was 4.09 mg/L. The total rate of dental fluorosis of children aged 8 to 12 was 45.81%(1988/4340), the index of dental fluorosis was 0.97 and the rate of dental damage was 6.91%(300/4340). The urinary fluoride values above 1.40 mg/L were found in 55.33%(1417/2657) of children aged 8 to 12, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 18.53 mg/L. The rate of skeletal fluorosis by clinic and X-rays in adults older than 16 years were 4.25% (2462/57 968) and 28.40%(23/81 ), respectively. The urinary fluoride values above 1.60 mg/L were found in 55.86% (1130/2023) of adults older than 16 years, with the highest urinary fluoride concentrations was 25.44 mg/L. Conclusions Endemic fluorosis in Shandong province has not yet been effectively controlled,control situation is still grim. Prevention efforts need to be further strengthened.     

辽宁省地方性氟中毒的流行和防治现状

目的 了解辽宁省地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)流行现状和防治措施落实情况.方法 对改水和未改水饮水型地氟病病区分层抽样开展饮用水含氟量筛查和8-12岁儿童氟斑牙,16岁以上成人临床氟骨症病情普查,检测8-12岁儿童志愿者尿氟.结果 全省普查842个未改水村(屯)和1829个改水村(屯),未改水村(屯)居民饮用水水氟0.01-7.10 mg/L,平均(0.96±0.64)mg/L,29.2%(246/842)的未改水村(屯)饮用水含氟量＞1.2 mg/L,在1829个改水村(屯)中调查了1234个降氟改水工程,水氟0.06-7.67 mg/L,工程正常运行且水氟≤1.2 mg/L的工程占调查工程的68.31%(843/1234),已改水村(屯)有31.69%(391/1234)的工程没有发挥其降氟改水作用.普查12127名8-12岁儿童和85 636名16岁以上成人,儿童氟斑牙检出率为24.4%(2960/12 127),成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为2.22%(1900/85 636).轻,中,重病区儿童氟斑牙检出情况比较,差异有统计学意义(X2＝19.25,P＜0.01),重病区儿童氟斑牙检出率较高,个别未改水的重病区村(屯)儿童氟斑牙检出率达到100%,成人临床Ⅱ度及以上氟骨症检出率为18.03%(97/538).重病区和轻病区(未改水及工程报废)儿童尿氟中位数分别为2.01,2.00 mg/L.结论 辽宁省未改水的饮水型地氟病中,重病区的病情仍然十分严重,工程停运或报废病区仍亟须落实降氟改水防治措施.     

2009年陕西省饮水型氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 掌握陕西省饮水型氟中毒改水工程运行情况及降氟效果,为饮水型氟中毒防治工作提供科学依据.方法 2009年对陕西省西安、宝鸡和榆林3个市16个县48个自然村进行监测.在未改水村按东、西、南、北、中采集5份水样,在已改水村采集3份末梢水和1份出厂水,用氟化物离子选择电极法(GB/I'5750-2006)检测水氟.对监测村所有在校8～12岁儿童采用Dean法进行氟斑牙检查,16岁以上成人全部进行临床氟骨症检查,抽取30%的项目县,每个县选择1个村,对已诊断的临床氟骨症患者进行X线拍片检查,临床和X线氟骨症诊断采用<地方性氟骨症诊断标准>(WS 192-2007).每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份、16岁以上成人尿样20份,用<尿中氟化物的测定离子选择电极法)(WS/T 89-1996)检测尿氟.结果 22处运行正常的改水工程中,出厂水超标8处,占36.36%(8/22);工程报废5处.共检测水样202份,已改水村出厂水和末梢水水氟中位数分别为0.72、0.62mg/L,水氟超标率分别为36.36%(8/22)、31.94%(23/72);未改水村水氟中位数为1.00 mg/L,水氟超标率为39.81%(43/108).8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.06%(367/2285),氟斑牙指数为0.30,流行程度为阴性;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为5.09%(1542/30 272),共有198人拍摄X线片,阳性68人,检出率为34.34%(68/198).共检测儿童尿样1051份,尿氟几何均数为0.95mg/L;共检测16岁以上成人尿样914份,尿氟几何均数为1.16 mg/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行范围较大,病情程度较为严重,防治任务还很艰巨.进一步加大病区改水力度,加强病情监测、健康教育和改水工程的管理工作是防治地方性氟中毒的关键.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the running conditions of the water improvement projects and the role of these projects in reducing fluoride in drinking-water type of fluorosis in Shaanxi province, and provide a scientific basis for prevention and control of the disease. Methods Forty-eight villages of 16 counties in Xi'an, Baoji, and Yulin cities of Shaanxi province were monitored in 2009. Five water samples were collected randomly in water unimproved monitoring villages by the position of east, west, south, north, and center parts. In water improved monitoring villages, 3 tap water and one source water samples were collected. Water fluoride was tested using fluoride ion selective electrode method according to the "Standard Testing Methods for Drinking Water" (GB/T 5750-2006). All school children aged 8 to 12 in monitored villages were examined their dental fluorosis using Dean criteria. All people over 16 years old were examined clinical skeletal fluorosis, and 30% of the project counties were randomly selected, then randomly selected one village among these counties, clinically diagnosed patients with skeletal fluorosis were examined again by X-ray using "Diagnostic Criteria of Endemic Skeletal Fluorosis"(WS 192-2007). Urine samples of 30 children aged 8 to 12 and of 20 adults over the age of 16 were randomly collected, urinary fluoride was tested according to "the Determination of Urinary Fluoride by Ion Selective Electrode Method" (WS/T 89-19%). Results Of the 22 water improvement projects that in normal operation, fluoride level of 8 source waters exceeded the standard, accounting for 36.36%(8/22), and projects scrapped 5. Two hundred and two water samples were tested. In water improved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride of source water and tap water were 0.72,0.62 mg/L, respectively, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard ere 36.36%(8/22) and 31.94%(23/72), respectively. In water unimproved historical diseased areas, the median of water fluoride was 1.00 mg/L, and the average rate of water fluoride exceeded the standard was 39.81%(43/108). Detection rate of dental fluorosis among children aged 8 to 12 was 16.06% (367/2285), dental fluorosis index was 0.30, and the prevalence was negative. Detection rate of clinical skeletal fluorosis among adults over 16 years old was 5.09%(1542/30 272), a totally of 198 people had X-ray film taken, positive 68, the positive detection rate was 34.34%(68/198). One thousand and fifty-one copies of children's urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 0.95 mg/L; nine hundred and fourteen copies of adults urine samples were tested, geometric mean of urinary fluoride was 1.16 mg/L Conclusions Drinking-water type of fluorosis affects a large area in Shaanxi province, the disease is still serious, and the task of prevention remains very arduous. Further intensify the water improvement project in diseased areas, and strengthen disease monitoring, health education and water improvement project management is the key to prevention and control of endemic fluorosis.     

改饮低氟水七年后氟骨症患者尿中六种元素排泄状况的研究

本文探讨了改饮低氟水７年后氟骨症患者尿中６种元素（Ｆ－、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ）的排泄状况。结果表明，改水７年后，氟骨症患者２４小时尿氟排泄量非常显著地高于非病区对照，尿钙排泄量显著地低于非病区对照，而尿镁、铜、锌、锰虽呈患者低于非病区对照的趋势，但无统计学上的差异。     

全血中化学元素与燃煤污染型氟中毒的关系

目的 比较燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒(简称地氟病)患者与非地氟病患者全血中化学元素及尿氟含量差异,为查找与地氟病相关的元素及进一步阐明地氟病发病机制奠定理论基础.方法 采用病例对照研究方法,于2010年12月至2011年2月,在重庆市巫山县、奉节县抽取8～ 12岁氟斑牙患病儿童100例、成人氟骨症患者30例作为病例组;抽取8～ 12岁非氟斑牙患病儿童100例、成人非氟骨症患者30例作为内对组;在非地氟病病区渝北区抽取非氟斑牙患病儿童50例、成人非氟骨症患者30例作为外对照组.测定所有调查对象全血中铜、锌、钙、镁、铁及尿样中尿氟含量,对比分析3组人群各检测指标的含量差异.结果 8～12岁儿童的病例组铜、锌、钙、镁、铁、尿氟含量分别为(30.08±2.83)、(74.04±9.75) μmol/L,(1.65±0.29)、(1.37±0.17)、(6.79±1.27) mmol/L,(0.73±0.37)mg/L;内对照组分别为(28.65±3.96)、(72.83±11.35)μ.mol/L,(1.62±0.27)、(1.36±0.18)、(6.73±1.22)mmol/L,(0.48±0.21)mg/L;外对照组分别为(32.03±2.99)、(77.78±10.85) μmol/L,(1.41±0.11)、( 1.43±0.13)、(7.66±0.55) mmol/L,(0.49±0.26)mg/L.两两比较发现,病例组铜、锌、镁、铁低于外对照组,尿氟高于内、外对照组(P均＜0.05);成人的病例组铜、锌、钙、镁、铁、尿氟分别为(26.93±4.37)、(95.89±12.45)μmol/L,(1.50±1.76)、( 1.56±1.96)、(8.15±1.00)mmol/L.(2.17±0.99)mg/L;内对照分别为(26.26±4.96),(94.86±12.18 )μmol/L,(1.57±0.12)、( 1.46±0.16)、(7.64±1.00)mmol/L,( 1.44±1.22)mg/L;外对照组分别为(26.20±2.96)、(96.52±11.11) μmol/L,(1.48±0.14)、( 1.45±0.16)、(7.81±0.91 )mmol/L,(0.55±0.21 )mg/L,其中病例组镁、铁、尿氟高于内对照组,镁、尿氟高于外对照组(P均＜0.05).结论病区人群体内抗氟元素水平较低,其他化学元素、环境、遗传等因素可能与发病有关,需进一步做全面分析.     

2007年全国饮茶型氟中毒现况调查资料的聚类分析

目的 应用聚类分析方法对全国饮茶型氟中毒流行现况调查数据进行分析,明确全国各病区省级或市级病情的分类层次,以指导饮茶型氟中毒的防治.方法 利用2007年全国饮茶型氟中毒流行现况调查数据库,以Ⅱ度及以上临床氟骨症检出率为聚类指标,对全部调查资料进行聚类分析,绘制聚类图,根据聚类结果进行方差分析以及两两比较.结果 全国饮茶型氟中毒病区从省级层面可分为三类:一类地区包括西藏和四川,二类地区为青海,三类地区包括内蒙古、甘肃、新疆和宁夏.从地市级层面也可分为三类:一类地区包括四川阿坝州、西藏日喀则地区及拉萨市;二类地区包括内蒙古乌兰察布市、呼伦贝尔市、包头市,青海海北州、果洛州、海西州、西宁市、海东地区,四川甘孜州,甘肃陇南市、酒泉市,新疆乌鲁木齐市和博尔塔拉州;其他地市(州、盟)为三类地区.省级及地市级一、二、三类地区Ⅱ度及以上临床氟骨症检出率(35.18％、16.21％、5.22％,41.16％、19.64％、4.19％)任意两类间比较差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05).结论 全国省级层面与地市级层面饮茶型氟中毒流行程度可以应用聚类分析法进行分类,聚类分析结果可以为国家有效落实饮茶型氟中毒防治措施提供科学依据.     

2009年河南省许昌市饮水型地方性氟中毒监测结果分析

目的 了解许昌市地方性氟中毒的病情动态,评价防治措施的落实效果.方法 2009年,在河南省许昌市,抽取长葛市、许昌县作为监测县(市),调查监测县(市)的改水工程运行情况及水含氟量,并选择10个病区村作为监测村,调查8～ 12岁儿童氟斑牙及尿含氟量,16岁成人临床氟骨症及尿含氟量.结果 2个监测县所有改水村中,改水工程正在使用的村有97个,占61.39％(97/158),报废的村有61个,占38.61％(61/158).在10个监测村中,9个未改水村,水氟均值范围为1.32 ～ 2.25 mg/L;1个已改水村,末梢水水氟为0.44 mg/L;8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为38.65％(80/207),儿童的尿氟几何均数为1.65 mg/L;成人临床氟骨症检出率为0.30％(9/2982),成人尿氟几何均数为2.09 mg/L.结论 许昌市属于地方性氟中毒轻中度流行区,病情尚未得到有效控制,需进一步加大防治力度.     

2009和2012年内蒙古饮茶型氟中毒病情分析

目的 了解内蒙古自治区饮茶型氟中毒病区病情变化趋势,评价防控措施效果.方法 2009、2012年,在内蒙古自治区分别抽取相同的6个监测旗县,每个监测旗县抽取5个病区村,每个监测村抽取10户家庭,检测砖茶氟含量;检查病区村所有8～ 12岁学生氟斑牙患病情况及所有36～45岁成人氟骨症患病情况.2012年,在每个监测村,按东、南、西、北、中5个方位在采集饮用水源水样各l份,检测水氟含量.结果 2009年监测村砖茶氟含量均值为541.48 mg/kg,氟含量≤300 mg/kg的占17.63％(49/278);2012年砖茶氟含量均值为536.06 mg/kg,氟含量≤300 mg/kg的占11.00％(33/300).水氟超标村数占总数的40.00％ (12/30).2009年儿童氟斑牙检出率为52.39％(274/523),其中极轻、轻、中、重度病例分别占9.56％(50/523)、19.86％(104/523)、21.03％(110/523)、1.91％(10/523);2012年儿童氟斑牙检出率为35.71％(200/560),其中极轻、轻、中、重度病例分别占14.11％(79/560)、11.43％ (64/560)、9.64％(54/560)、0.54％(3/560);2012年与2009年相比,中、重度病例所占比例减少,病情有所下降(W=40 696.0,P＜0.01).2009年成人氟骨症检出率为23.52％(167/710),其中轻、中、重度病例分别占17.32％(123/710)、4.51％(32/710)、1.69％ (12/710);2012年成人氟骨症检出率为20.12％(103/512),其中轻、中、重度病例分别占17.38％(89/512)、2.54％(13/512)、0.20％(1/512);2012年与2009年比较,中、重度病例减少,病情有所下降(W=12 797.5,P＜0.01).结论 内蒙古自治区饮茶型氟中毒病情得到了一定程度的控制,但部分地区高氟砖茶危害仍很严重,防治工作还需要进一步加强.     

临床表现诊断饮水型氟骨症价值评析

目的 比较饮水型地方性氟骨症临床表现诊断与X线诊断的差异,评价临床表现对该病的诊断价值,为按照临床表现对该病进行早期诊断提供理论依据.方法 调查244例高氟病区居民的临床症状和体征,统计各种症状、体征检出率,并依据临床表现进行诊断与分度;拍摄骨关节X线照片,按照WS192-1999标准进行X线诊断与分度;比较临床与X线方法诊断及分度结果的差异;计算临床诊断方法的真实性、可靠性等指标,并根据上述指标对其诊断价值进行评价.结果 饮水型地方性氟骨症最常见的临床表现为骨关节的疼痛和僵硬;临床和X线方法检出率分别为69.3%和63.1%,两种方法诊断结果的差异没有统计б庖?P>0.05);临床与X线诊断方法的符合率为69.3%;二者在分度上表现出交叉;临床诊断方法灵敏度为80.5%,特异度为50.0%,假阴性率为19.5%,假阳性率为50.0%;ROC曲线下面积为0.653.结论 临床与X线诊断方法对氟骨症的检出率相同.依据临床表现对该病进行诊断的特异度不高,可能由于临床表现为非客观性指标,不好控制;临床表现诊断法误诊率较高;临床诊断与X线诊断方法对该病的诊断结果较一致,虽不可单独诊断,却可为确诊该病提供重要线索.