Effects of Neural Blocking Agents on Motor Activity and Secretion in the Proximal and Distal Rat Colon: Evidence of Marked Segmental Differences in Nicotinic Receptor Activity

Background: Neuromodulation may be a new therapeutic approach in inflammatory bowel disease, but very little is known about neural control of colonic secretion in vivo. We therefore determined the effects of neural blockade on colonic motor activity and mucosal secretion in anaesthetized rats. Methods: A proximal and a distal colonic segment were isolated in four groups of chloralose-anaesthetized rats (n = 8 in each group), and we measured luminal pressure and transmural potential difference (PD) as a marker of electrogenic chloride secretion. Recordings were made from proximal and distal segments simultaneously, which made it possible to directly compare response patterns. Results: Under control conditions luminal pressure waves were associated with phasic, lumen-negative increases in PD which had a significantly greater magnitude and longer duration in the distal colon. Atropine blocked both pressure waves and PD waves in the proximal colon, but some PD waves, although of lower magnitude, remained in the distal colon. Hexamethonium abolished pressure waves in both segments and induced a marked reduction in PD in the distal but not in the proximal colon. Lidocaine also reduced PD, more so in the distal colon, and dissociated the pressure-PD linkage. Conclusion: In the distal but not in the proximal colon, there is a strong nicotinic, neurogenic `tone' that maintains a high basal secretory activity. The results encourage the search for neuromodulatory agents in the treatment of colonic secretory disease.     

Effect of Cisapride on Symptoms and Biliary D in Patients with Postcholecystectomy Syndrome

The study evaluates the effect of 20 mg cisapride twice daily on symptoms and biliary drainage in patients with the postcholecystectomy syndrome. Nineteen patients, all female, went through a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with two 4-week treatment periods separated by a 2-week washout period. Symptoms were registered on diary cards. Biliary drainage was studied with dynamic chole-scintigraphy. The down slope of the time-activity curve (T_1/2 and elimination index) was used as a measure of the biliary drainage. More symptoms were registered during cisapride therapy than with placebo. This unfavourable effect of cisapride was statistically significant in a subgroup of patients with postcholecystectomy complaints identical to the biliary pain they experienced during injection of contrast at the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic examination. Cisapride statistically significantly hastened biliary drainage. The median T_1/2 values were 24 and 28 min after cisapride and placebo, respectively (p < 0.01). In conclusion, cisapride promoted biliary drainage in patients with the postcholecystectomy syndrome but had an unfavourable symptomatic effect in those with 'bile duct-triggered postcholecystectomy complaints.     

Substance P stimulates sphincter of Oddi motility and inhibits trans-sphincteric flow in the Australian brush-tailed possum

Substance P containing nerves are widely distributed throughout the gastrointestinal tract. The aims of this study were to determine the distribution of substance P containing nerves in the extrahepatic biliary tree of the Australian brush-tailed possum and to characterize the effect of exogenous substance P on the sphincter of Oddi (SO) motility and trans-sphincteric flow in vivo. Immunohistochemical staining of fixed specimens (n = 8) found moderate numbers of substance P containing nerve cell bodies and fibres throughout the neural plexuses of the SO, in particular in the serosal and intraluminal nerve trunks of the SO and gallbladder. Synthetic porcine substance P (1–2000 ng kg⁻¹), administered by close intra-arterial injection (i.a. n = 7), produced a dose-dependent elevation in basal pressure [P < 0.01] and an associated dose-dependent reduction in trans-sphincteric flow [P < 0.0001]. Substance P had no significant dose-dependent effect on SO phasic contraction amplitude or frequency. Tetrodotoxin (9 μg kg⁻¹, i.a.) did not inhibit the effect of substance P on SO motility and trans-sphincteric flow (n = 5). In conclusion, substance P containing nerves are found throughout the possum extrahepatic biliary tree. Exogenous substance P stimulates SO motility and reduces trans-sphincteric flow in vivo by acting directly on the sphincter smooth muscle.     

自体组织瓣修复肝外胆管缺损的初步研究

目的：研究自体组织瓣修复肝外胆管缺损的可行性及效果。方法：21例肝外胆管缺损或狭窄的患者采用胆囊壁或空肠壁作自体组织瓣进行胆管重建，其中Mirizzi综合征12例，胆总管穿孔3例，胆管狭窄2例，医源性胆管损伤2例，胆总管结肠瘘1例。术后T型管支撑3～6个月并进行T型管造影检查。结果：所有病人均采用自体组织瓣成功修复了肝外胆管，术后随访10～96个月，无并发症发生，胆道畅通。结论：采用自体组织瓣进行肝外胆管重建可行有效，保留了Oddi括约肌的功能，维持了胆道的正常生理功能。     

全直肠系膜切除支撑捆扎法低位或超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合术

目的介绍在全直肠系膜切除基础上用支撑捆扎法完成低位直肠癌低位或超低位结肠-直肠(肛管)吻合手术术式。方法对346例低位直肠癌在全直肠系膜切除和根治性清扫基础上,用支撑捆扎法进行保留肛门括约肌手术,对直肠断端距齿状线≥1cm者用改良Welch手术完成结肠-直肠吻合术;直肠断端距齿状线≤1cm者行保留肛门内括约肌的结肠-肛管吻合术。结果本组346例手术中无死亡病例,术后近期出现吻合口漏4例(1·2%),局部引流2周治愈2例、横结肠造口转流2例,无吻合口出血。吻合口距离齿状线距离:2~3cm者114例,1~2cm者145例,0~1cm者87例。术后吻合口狭窄10例,狭窄率2·9%。Lifetable法计算5年生存率和局部复发率分别为78·6%及6·3%。手术后3个月排便功能的优良率为82·6%。结论支撑捆扎法用于低位直肠癌保肛手术可以完成耻骨直肠肌上缘到肌间沟平面的吻合,吻合口漏和吻合口狭窄发生率较低。     

Severe congenital hypoplasia of tongue and abnormal shape of soft palate and tonsillar pillars

Summary This paper describes an 8-year-old boy who presented with the very rare condition of congenital right-sided aglossia. The left side of tongue was hypoplastic and tethered to the floor of the mouth. The soft palate was short and almost absent on the right side with abnormal positioning of the right anterior and posterior tonsillar pillars; this situation resulted in significant velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI). The left mandible was slightly hypoplastic with anodontia posterior to the first premolar tooth. There has been no previous report of a similar defect. The possible differential diagnoses related to the abnormality are discussed. The correction of the VPI is presented to demonstrate the versatility of the sphincter pharyngoplasty.     

乌司他丁影响膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植Oddi括约肌功能的研究

目的:研究乌司他丁(US)对膀胱引流式犬胰腺移植后移植物Oddi括约肌(SO)功能的影响。方法:正常犬和膀胱引流式胰腺移植后犬在应用US 10万U和30万U前后测定SO的动力学指标。结果:US对正常犬SO基础压和收缩幅度无明显影响(P>0.05),但可降低其收缩频率和动力指数(P<0.01);在10万U和30万U剂量间,动力指数有统计学差异(P<0.01),收缩频率则无统计学差异(P>0.05);移植后应用US可全面降低SO基础压、收缩频率、收缩幅度和动力指数(P<0.01),且在10万U与30万U剂量间差异均有显著性 (P<0.05)。结论:US可抑制犬SO运动, 并呈剂量依赖性;尤其胰腺移植后,抑制作用更显著,可以有效地降低基础压,改善胰液引流,从而有助于防治移植物胰腺炎的发生。     

32. Sphincter- und Beckenbodenverletzungen

Zusammenfassung Sphincter- und Beckenbodenverletzungen sind selten und durch ihre große Variationsbreite und hohe Morbiditätsrate gekennzeichnet. Unter den Unfallmechanismen dominiert die Pfählung. Das Letalitätsrisiko hängt von den Begleitverletzungen ab. Der Kontinenzverlust des Sphincterapparates ist die schwerstwiegende Spätkomplikation. Das funktionelle Ergebnis wird durch das Ausmaß der Verletzung bestimmt. Die primäre Rekonstruktion hat die besten Ergebnisse.     

Action of caerulein and related substances on the sphincter of Oddi

Summary The effects of caerulein and some related substances were investigated on the sphincter of Oddi which had been contracted by morphine in the guinea-pig, and on the isolated terminal bile duct in the calf. In the first test caerulein (50–100 ng/kg i.v.) was the most potent spasmolytic drug whereas in the second test the peptide (0.75-1 g/ml) produced actually a spasmogenic effect. The peptide resembled epinephrine in both preparations.     

Oddi括约肌功能障碍分型研究的临床意义

Oddi括约肌功能障碍是一种功能性胃肠疾病,由于缺乏典型的症状和体征,诊断较为困难.Oddi括约肌功能障碍分型标准的提出,显著提高了该疾病的诊断水平,对合理选择治疗措施具有重要的临床意义.文章概述了近年来Oddi括约肌功能障碍分型研究及相关诊断、治疗进展.