The evaluation of a biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for use in grafting long-bone diaphyseal defects

The effectiveness of a sintered hydroxyapatite-tricalcium phosphate (HA-TCP) ceramic in bridging large diaphyseal defects in the canine ulna was studied. One-hundred percent morselized HA-TCP, a 50:50 mixture of morselized HA-TCP, and autogenous cancellous bone, and 100% autogenous cancellous bone were used to bridge 2.5-cm defects in the left ulnae of three groups of six dogs each. At 24 weeks the ulnae were explanted and studied by radiography, microradiography, mechanical testing, and histology. Pure HA/TCP was not osteoinductive, and four of six ulnae in this group progressed to a fibrous nonunion. The HA/TCP-cancellous bone mixture and pure cancellous bone were approximately equal in effect, leading to good callus formation at 4 weeks and strong bony union by 24 weeks, with no evidence of bioincompatibility. Morselized HA/TCP promises to be useful as a graft extender when mixed with autogenous cancellous bone.     

带蒂骨膜瓣移位修复手舟骨骨不连

目的 探讨带蒂骨膜瓣在手舟骨骨折后骨不连治疗中的临床效果。方法 采用带骨间前动脉腕背支血管蒂的骨膜瓣转位治疗26例手舟骨骨不连患，并做临床观察。结果 本组术后随访4个月一18个月，优19例，占73％；良7例，占27％。结论 以骨间前动脉腕背支为蒂的骨膜瓣转位修复手舟骨骨不连，疗效满意。     

Comparison of asymmetrical and symmetrical pulse waveforms in electromagnetic stimulation.

Pulsing electromagnetic field (PEMF) stimulation is a noninvasive therapeutic modality that has been successfully used to stimulate healing of surgically resistant human bone fracture nonunions. Asymmetry of the stimulus pulse waveform was thought to be necessary for therapeutic effectiveness, but asymmetrical pulses require significant electrical energy that constrains clinical delivery systems to suboptimal designs. Development of low-energy consuming stimuli will enable clinical device improvements and may provide additional information about the interaction of electromagnetic fields with tissues. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine if asymmetry of the stimulus pulse waveform is needed for efficacy and (b) to determine if symmetrical pulse waveform stimuli also can produce a beneficial therapeutic response. The rabbit fibular osteotomy model was used to answer these questions and to identify which components of the clinically used asymmetrical PEMF produce the therapeutic response. The results suggest that asymmetry is not necessary and that a narrow pulse width, symmetrical square wave signal can also stimulate stiffness increases in this model. The data also suggest that the high-amplitude, narrow-pulse portion of the asymmetrical PEMF is the principal component of the signal pulse that is responsible for the clinical therapeutic effect.     

Case report 243

A case of carpal scaphoid fracture followed by osteonecrosis of the distal fragment alone is presented.     

Helix wire osteosynthesis for proximal humeral fractures: unacceptable nonunion rate in two- and three-part fractures

Introduction Fractures of the proximal humerus are very common, but controversy still exists about the preferred type of operative treatment in displaced fractures.Materials and methods We followed 15 patients (12 female and 3 male, average age 70 years) with 15 dislocated type II (9) and III (6) proximal humeral fractures after helix wire osteosynthesis.Results A nonunion developed in seven cases (47%). Three patients were reoperated (prosthesis: 2, repair: 1). Seven patients were available for follow-up (average: 14 months). Three patients had a Constant score of 80 or more and four patients had a score under 70 points.Conclusion The results of the helix wire osteosynthesis for proximal humeral fractures are poor and we do not recommend its further use.     

Intramedullary nailing for open fractures of the femoral shaft: evaluation of contributing factors on deep infection and nonunion using multivariate analysis

The purpose of this study was to use multivariate analysis to evaluate contributing factors affecting deep infection and nonunion of open femoral fractures treated with locked intramedullary nailing (IMN). We examined 89 open femoral fractures (88 patients) treated with immediate or delayed locked IMN in static fashion at the Kitasato University Hospital from 1988 to 2001. Multiple regression models were derived to determine predictors of deep infection and nonunion. The following predictive variables of deep infection were selected for analysis: age, sex, Gustilo type (I+II or III), fracture grade by AO type (A or B+C), fracture site (proximal site+distal site or middle site), timing or method of IMN, reamed or unreamed nailing (R versus UR), debridement time (< or =6 h or >6 h), existence of polytrauma (ISS<18 or ISS> or =18), and existence of floating knee injury (+ or -). The predictive variables of nonunion selected for analysis were the same as those for deep infection, with the addition of deep infection (+ or -). Five fractures (5.6%) developed deep infections: one Gustilo type II and four type III. Multivariate analysis revealed that only Gustilo type significantly correlated with occurrence of deep infection (p<0.05). Nonunion occurred in 12 fractures (14.1%). Multivariate analysis revealed that only fracture grade by AO type significantly correlated with occurrence of nonunion (p<0.02).     

双钢板和自体骨植骨治疗非感染性肱骨干骨不愈合疗效分析

目的探讨双钢板和自体骨植骨治疗非感染性肱骨干骨折内固定术后骨不愈合疗效。方法对16例非感染性肱骨干骨折内固定术后骨不愈合患者,拆除原内固定、凿除增生骨痂、去除死骨,行双钢板固定和自体骨植骨治疗;术后行主、被动上肢各关节运动。根据Mayo肘关节功能评分及Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分标准评价术后疗效。结果16例患者术后随访12~26（14.5±6.8）个月,骨折均愈合良好,骨折愈合时间3~7（3.8±1.2）个月。1例患者术后发生桡神经牵拉损伤,未作特殊处理,3个月后功能恢复;其他病例随访期间未见明显并发症。末次随访Mayo肘关节功能评分：优12例,良3例,中1例;Constant-Murley肩关节功能评分：＞90分13例,80~90分3例。结论双钢板结合自体骨植骨治疗肱骨干非感染性骨不愈合,固定牢靠,疗效良好,值得临床上采用。     

分步筑墙PKP治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性骨折骨不连

目的探讨经皮椎体后凸成形(PKP)术中使用分步筑墙法注入骨水泥治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折骨不连的临床疗效及并发症。方法回顾性分析自2012-01—2014-03采用分步筑墙法PKP手术治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折骨不连26例(28椎),术中使用分步调制骨水泥及分次推注骨水泥的方法。比较术前、术后3 d、术后1年的伤椎前、中柱高度、Cobb角、VAS评分、ODI指数。结果术中每个椎体推注骨水泥(5.3±1.6)ml。术后X线片显示骨水泥填充良好,2例发生骨水泥侧方渗漏,1例椎间隙渗漏,早期1例前方渗漏,未出现骨水泥渗漏进入椎管。病检结果:增生的纤维结缔组织及骨、死骨组织、骨组织伴钙化。本组26例术后均获随访8~28个月,平均17.9个月。术后3 d及术后1年时伤椎前、中柱高度、Cobb角、VAS评分、ODI指数均较术前明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);但术后3 d与术后1年随访时,观察指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 PKP术中采用分步筑墙法注入骨水泥治疗胸腰椎骨质疏松性压缩骨折骨不连能明显缓解疼痛和恢复伤椎高度,减少骨水泥渗漏。     

The treatment of atrophic,recalcitrant long-bone nonunion in the upper extremity with human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-7 (rhBMP-7) and plate fixation: A retrospective review

IntroductionRecombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (rhBMP-7) has been shown to promote fracture healing in both clinical studies and basic science models, however, there is little information from large-scale studies of its use for human nonunion. The purpose of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of rhBMP-7 in the treatment of atrophic human long-bone nonunions in the upper extremity.Patients and methodsThis was a single center, retrospective, longitudinal cohort study of patients treated with compression plating and the application of rhBMP-7 in isolation to a long-bone nonunion. Patients over sixteen years of age with an atrophic, aseptic nonunion of a humerus, radius, ulna or clavicle were eligible for inclusion.ResultsWe identified seventy eligible patients who were treated with rhBMP-7 for a long-bone nonunion between July 1997 and April 2012. The mean age of the patients at the time of treatment with rhBMP-7 was 50.7 years (range, 20-92 years). Five patients were lost to follow-up prior to definitive clinical or radiographic union. During the one-year post-operative period fifty-six patients had achieved union and two patients developed a stable fibrous union after the index procedure. Two patients had early implant failure and five patients had persistent nonunion. Thus, the union rate following initial surgery was 89% (58/65) and four of the five nonunion patients went on to heal following revision open reduction and internal fixation.ConclusionWe found that the application of rhBMP-7 for upper extremity nonunion was an effective method (89% union rate) of treating this challenging pathology. Additionally, if not initially successful, further reconstruction was not compromised by rhBMP-7 use.     

钢板内固定术治疗胫骨骨不连的最新进展

随着社会经济的发展,车祸伤、坠落伤、摔伤等高强度能量是导致骨折的直接原因。骨折的愈合受多种因素的影响,可能会出现畸形愈合、延迟愈合、不愈合以及伤口感染等。胫骨骨折通常是由于高能机制造成的,也可由踝关节旋转的低能量机制引起。随着骨科医师对骨不连认识的逐渐深入,目前胫骨骨不连的治疗方式主要分为手术治疗和非手术治疗。一般手术治疗是治疗骨不连患者的首选,其中钢板内固定术在治疗胫骨骨不连中发挥着独有的优势。本文通过回顾就近已发表的文献,就钢板内固定术治疗胫骨骨不连的最新进展进行综述。