Anteromedial minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) for distal third humeral shaft fractures – Is it possible?: A cadaveric study

IntroductionThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of the anteromedial minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) approach for distal third humeral shaft fractures and identify neurovascular structures at risk with this approach.MethodsTwenty cadaveric arms were fixed with 12-hole precontoured narrow locking compression plates (LCP) with the anteromedial approach using MIPO technique. The proximal approach was done between the biceps and deltoid muscle directly to the bone. The distal approach involved elevating the brachialis from medial intermuscular septum. The plate was inserted beneath the brachialis tunnel from distal to proximal. Three locking screws were fixed at each end through incisions and the rest of screws were inserted percutaneously. The arms were then dissected to identify damage to or direct contact between the screws and brachial artery (BA), median nerve (MN), musculocutaneous nerve (MCN), and radial nerve (RN). The distances from the screws to structures at risk, humeral length, and length of three distal screws in mediolateral (ML) direction were measured.ResultsThe average humeral length was 28.97 cm. The average danger zone for the BA and MN were 20.47%–62.66% of the humeral length from the lateral epicondyle, and 20.47%-75.02% for the MCN. The ulnar nerve was not endangered by this approach as it lies posteromedially to the humerus. The danger zone for the RN averaged 27.07%–43.74%, and the most dangerous screw that either penetrated or touched the nerve was at the fifth hole, which lay at 33.14% of the humeral length. The average length of three distal screws in ML direction were 41.4, 25.0 and 22.5 mm.ConclusionsThe anteromedial MIPO approach can be performed through the internervous plane beneath the brachialis muscle without exposing any nerves or causing any muscle splitting with a 12-hole plate. Both proximal and distal screw insertion must be done with direct exposure. Insertion of percutaneous screws in the middle part of the plate between the two incisions is not possible. This approach could be an alternative for extra-articular distal third humeral shaft fractures which provides less invasive surgical dissection, allows the use of longer distal screws, and achieves better cosmesis.     

Comportement alimentaire,rythmes circannuels pondéral et d'hibernation chez le hamster d'europe porteur de lésions des faisceaux noradrénergiques ascendants

Bilateral electrolytic lesions were made in the ascending noradrenergic bundles of an hibernator, European hamster, at various periods of the year. The most posterior and ventral lesions are followed by cheek-pouch hoarding behavior with hyperphagia and obesity only when done in the periods where the hamsters fatten. In the other periods hyperphagia and obesity are absent or moderate. Circannual rhythm is not abolished but the operated animals are not in phase with their controls. Hibernation is facilitated in the lesioned animals especially at 15°C. In all cases lesions were followed by a fall in brain NE. These results are discussed in comparison with the actual hypothesis of body weight regulation, rhythms and hibernation.     

改良体表定位前臂近段掌侧切口治疗桡骨近段骨折的安全性研究

目的用肱二头肌腱桡侧缘与桡侧屈腕肌肌腱的连线作为前臂近段掌侧切口术前体表定位线,探讨该体表定位方法的临床安全性。 方法回顾性分析自2012年1月至2016年4月期间,21例桡骨近侧1/3骨折患者的手术资料。术前体表定位切口的方法采用肱二头肌腱桡侧缘与桡侧屈腕肌肌腱连线,行切开复位钢板内固定术。其中男16例,女5例;年龄19~52岁,平均34岁。致伤原因：跌伤15例,交通伤3例,高处坠落伤2例,打架致伤1例。左侧12例,右侧9例。均为单纯桡骨干骨折、闭合性损伤、术前无神经损伤症状。受伤至手术时间为1~9 d,平均4 d。术后根据Grace和Eversmann标准对患者前臂旋转功能进行评价,并评价其前臂外侧皮神经支配区域的感觉情况。 结果本组患者术后获11~24个月（平均14个月）随访,所有骨折均获得骨性愈合,愈合时间均<6个月。根据末次随访时前臂功能评价的Grace和Eversmann标准：优15例、良4例、可2例,优良率为90.5%。无感染、内固定失败及神经或血管损伤等并发症发生,没有患者发生桡神经及前臂外侧皮神经损伤的症状。 结论通过改良体表定位前臂掌侧入路的方法,手术切开时能有效避免医源性前臂外侧皮神经损伤。术中以肱二头肌腱为参照,并确保在肱二头肌腱的桡侧进行操作。肱二头肌腱是安全可靠的定位标记。     

A basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula in glaucoma

Purpose

It has been recognised that the 24‐2 grid used for perimetry may poorly sample the macula, which has been recently identified as a critical region for diagnosing and managing patients with glaucoma. We compared data derived from patients and controls to investigate the efficacy of a basis for customising perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL ) bundles.

Methods

We used SD ‐OCT en face montages ( www.heidelbergengineering.com ) of the RNFL in 10 patients with glaucoma (ages 56–80 years, median 67.5 years) and 30 age‐similar controls (ages 47–77, median 58). These patients were selected because of either the absence of perimetric defect while glaucomatous damage to the RNFL bundles was observed, or because of perimetric defect that did not reflect the extent and locations of the glaucomatous damage that appeared in the RNFL images. We used a customised blob stimulus for perimetric testing (a Gaussian blob with 0.25° standard deviation) at 10‐2 grid locations, to assess the correspondence between perimetric defects and damaged RNFL bundles observed on en face images and perimetric defects. Data from the age‐similar controls were used to compute total deviation (TD ) and pattern deviation (PD ) values at each location; a perimetric defect for a location was defined as a TD or PD value of ?0.5 log unit or deeper. A McNemar's test was used to compare the proportions of locations with perimetric defects that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of ganglion cell bodies.

Results

All patients but one had perimetric defects that were consistent with the patterns of damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images. We found six abnormal perimetric locations of 2040 tested in controls and 132 abnormal perimetric locations of 680 tested in patients. The proportions of abnormal locations that fell outside the damaged RNFL bundles, with and without accounting for displacement of the ganglion cell bodies were 0.08 and 0.07, respectively. The difference between the two proportions did not reach statistical significance (p  = 0.5 for a one‐tailed test).

Conclusions

We demonstrated that it is effective to customise perimetric locations within the macula, guided by en face images of the RNFL bundles. The perimetric losses found with a 10‐2 grid demonstrated similar patterns as the damaged RNFL bundles observed on the en face images.

     

经肘前血管神经间隙入路结合微型钢板治疗冠状突骨折

目的介绍一种经肘前入路结合微型锁定钢板用于治疗尺骨冠状突骨折的手术方法。 方法选取上海中冶医院骨科2014年1月至2016年1月收治的单侧尺骨冠状突闭合性骨折患者15例,男9例、女6例,年龄17~65岁,平均32岁。根据Regan-Morrey分类：II型5例、III型10例。通过肘前肱动脉、正中神经间隙入路,采用微型钢板对骨折进行解剖复位和固定。对伴有肘关节明显不稳患者,取另一个切口修复外侧副韧带。 结果所有患者均获随访,随访时间12~36个月,平均23个月。所有患者骨折均愈合,末次随访肘关节屈伸弧为137°±14°,前臂旋前/旋后恢复至127°±13°,与正常侧比较,功能性结果差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。根据Regand-Morrey分级,损伤臂功能恢复优14例,良1例,优良率100%。轻度异位骨化1例,肘关节功能未受损。 结论经肘前血管神经间隙入路结合微型钢板固定冠状突骨折简单、安全、创伤小、暴露率高、预后满意。     

A European care bundle for management of ventilator-associated pneumonia

Background

Although there is a wealth of guidance concerning the management of patients with ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), compliance with recommendations concerning optimal treatment practices is highly variable.

Methods

This document presents a comprehensive care bundle package addressing all aspects of VAP diagnosis and treatment in an attempt to promote guideline-compliant practices. Uniquely, the development of these care bundles used a formalized method to assess the supporting data, based on multicriteria decision analysis.

Results

This system allowed the numerous VAP management parameters identified from recent European guidelines to be ranked according to defined criteria. The resulting VAP care bundles are (a) diagnosis: early chest x-rays within 1 hour, immediate reporting of respiratory secretions Gram staining, and (b) therapy: immediate treatment, empiric therapy based on local pathogens and risk factors, de-escalation, assessment of response within 72 hours, and short therapy duration if feasible.

Conclusion

Adoption of these care bundles should rationalize VAP management practices and facilitate the development of consistent and guideline-compliant care processes.     

Stages of neuronal morphological development in vitro--an automated assay

The present work addresses the simultaneous monitoring of hemoglobin and glucose consumption in rat somatosensory cortex in vivo. We propose a method which combines two techniques: 2-dimensional optical imaging and an amperometric microbiosensor. The mounted setup optimizes the space in the cranial window so that three micro-electrodes can be inserted: glucose microbiosensor, sentinel and stimulating electrode as well as the holder to manipulate the optical fiber. Additionally, a tool based on graphical user interface programming has been developed to visualize a two-dimension spectral map of oxy-, deoxy- and total hemoglobin, HbO₂, HbR and HbT respectively, in the cortex. Our results showed a good sensitivity, selectivity and spatial resolution for both methods. Relevant hemodynamic responses had a common central focus (at the site of the stimulus) which later segregated to other vascular compartments. A good linear relationship between extracellular glucose concentration and HbO₂ values during brain activation after local electrical stimulation was observed for electrochemical and optical recordings (R² values were over 0.94). Time courses between glucose and HbO₂ signals showed a temporal delay ranging from 1 s to 2 s, suggesting that both variables are not always coupled. The temporal mismatching reported here, provides in vivo evidence that supports a neuronal hypothesis: cerebral blow flow and oxidative metabolism are driven in parallel by neural activity - rather than a concatenation of events (‘in-series’ events) occurring at sites of neuronal activation.     

神经血管单元在脑小血管病中的作用

脑小血管病（cerebral small vessel disease, CSVD）是临床常见的脑血管病,其起病隐匿且临床表现多样。研究表明,神经血管单元（neurovascular unit, NVU）功能失衡与血管内皮功能障碍、血脑屏障通透性改变、胶质细胞活化等病理生理学过程存在多向作用和反复激活现象,在炎症和免疫...