nephrin及WT-1在嘌呤霉素大鼠肾病模型足细胞中的表达及意义

目的应用嘌呤霉素氨基核苷（PAN）模型,研究足细胞相关蛋白nephrin和肿瘤蛋白-1（WT-1）在足细胞中的表达及在肾小球硬化进展过程中的意义。方法单次尾静脉注射嘌呤霉素氨基核苷制作PAN模型,在4、14及20周处死大鼠,取其肾脏,切片,nephrin及WT-1免疫组化染色,半定量分析后进行统计学分析。结果对照组免疫组化染色nephrin沿肾小球毛细血管襻呈较为均匀的黄褐色粗颗粒样的线状分布,4周时与对照组比较PAN组nephrin略有分布不均,部分区域染色减弱或消失（均值为10．23±1．256和8．23±0．88,P〈0．05）,14周时在有节段性硬化的区域nephrin无表达（均值为7．58±0．71和10．23±1．26,P〈0．05）,而在20周时硬化的区域基本无表达（均值为7．88．±0．92和6．08±1．34,P〉0．05）,与对照组比较均有明显减少。4周时WT-1在足细胞核表达,呈深棕黄色粗大颗粒,与对照组比较无统计学意义（均值为10．14±2．02和10．11±1．56,P〉0．05）;14周时PAN组WT-1表达较对照组有所减少（均值为9．02±1．73和6．8±1．89,P〈0．05）;20周时与对照组比较PAN组WT-1明显减少（均值为7．34±1．22和4．43±1．01,P〈0．05）,足细胞数量随着时间的延长依次递减。结论Nephrin的表达在肾小球硬化过程中进行性减少,甚至消失;WT-1的表达随着肾小球硬化的进展逐渐减少。Nephrin和W-1表达的降低均反映足细胞的结构破坏和数量的减少,因此两者表达可反映足细胞损伤和肾小球硬化的关系。     

百令胶囊对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾组织足细胞Nephrin表达的研究

目的：探讨百令胶囊对糖尿病肾病（DN）大鼠肾组织足细胞nephrin表达的影响。方法：制作DN实验模型,分为正常对照组、DN组、百令胶囊组及贝那普利组。百令胶囊组及贝那普利组按100 mg·kg^-1·d^-1分别给予百令胶囊及贝那普利灌胃,实验周期12周。12周后观察各组血糖（BS）、肾重/体重（KW/BW）、24 h尿蛋白定量、肌酐清除率（Ccr）等,同时还观察肾脏病理形态学变化。并采用免疫组化和RT-PCR观察肾组织nephrin蛋白及基因表达的变化。结果：与正常对照组相比,DN组大鼠BS、KW/BW、24 h尿蛋白定量、肾小球硬化指数和肾小管损伤指数均显著上升（P〈0.05）,Ccr显著下降（P〈0.05）,经过12周治疗后观察百令胶囊组上述指标除血糖外均明显改善。与正常对照组相比,DN组大鼠肾组织足细胞nephrin表达明显下调（P〈0.05）,百令胶囊治疗后观察nephrin表达明显增加,与DN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：百令胶囊对DN大鼠具有一定的肾脏保护作用,其机制可能与恢复肾组织足细胞nephrin表达有关。     

黄芪多糖对早期糖尿病肾病大鼠足细胞nephrin和podocin表达的影响

目的: 观察黄芪多糖(APS)对糖尿病肾病(DN)大鼠足细胞裂孔隔膜蛋白分子(nephrin和podocin)表达的影响,探讨其防治DN的作用机制。方法: 24只健康雄性SD大鼠,随机抽取8只为正常对照组,其余大鼠链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射复制糖尿病模型,1周后经血糖浓度测量确定大鼠糖尿病建模成功,将造模大鼠分为STZ组(8只)和STZ+APS组(8只),各组分别干预8周。于干预后第2、5、8周检测大鼠血糖浓度;第8周末称量大鼠体重,计算肾指数,观察肾脏病理改变;检测24 h 尿蛋白总量t和 血尿素氮、血肌酐;蛋白免疫印迹法检测大鼠肾组织nephrin和podocin的表达水平。结果: 应用APS干预后,大鼠血糖、肾系数、24 h尿蛋白总量、血尿素氮和血肌酐明显降低(P<0.05),体重增加(P<0.05);病理改变减轻;nephrin和podocin蛋白表达增加(P<0.05)。结论: APS对DN肾脏的保护作用可能与维持足细胞nephrin和podocin的表达有关。     

裂孔膜蛋白Nephrin和Podocin与后天获得性肾脏疾病关系研究进展

自1998年发现了第一个定位于裂孔膜上的重要信号分子Nephrin;2000年发现了Podocin,裂孔膜相关蛋白与肾脏疾病的相关研究开始迅速发展.既往多认为裂孔膜蛋白Nephrin、Podocin与先天性肾脏疾病相关,但最近几年有研究发现以蛋白尿为主要临床表现的后天获得性肾脏疾病与裂孔膜蛋白Nephrin、Podocin也有关联,这方面的研究最近5年有较多进展.深入开展这方面的研究,将可能会为人类后天获得性肾脏疾病的诊断、治疗及预后提供新思路.     

Genetics of nephrotic syndrome: new insights into molecules acting at the glomerular filtration barrier

Nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier for macromolecules. The identification of mutations of various podocyte-expressed proteins as causes of familial nephrotic syndrome has significantly contributed to shedding light into the molecular pathogenesis of nephrotic proteinuria and into the physiology of the glomerular sieve. More recent findings have changed our conception of the glomerular filtration barrier from a relatively static structure to a highly dynamic one. Both the multiprotein slit diaphragm complex around nephrin and the integrin receptor complex that mediates binding of the podocyte to the glomerular basement membrane, may translate outside–inside signaling and lead to podocyte actin cytoskeleton rearrangement. This may enable the podocyte network to adapt to environmental changes and respond to injury. Disturbance in these processes may not only be involved in the pathogenesis of hereditary nephrotic syndrome but also in that of more common acquired proteinuric diseases. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms involved will possibly open the way to new therapeutic approaches.     

Propolis nanoparticles modulate the inflammatory and apoptotic pathways in carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver fibrosis and nephropathy in rats

This study assessed the use of emulsion‐produced propolis nanoparticles for treating carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄)‐induced liver fibrosis and nephropathy on albino rat model. The evaluation of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and the treatment outcomes involved biochemical investigations of blood samples as well as molecular analysis, and histopathological assessment for liver and kidney tissue samples. CCl₄ treatment caused elevated biochemical indicators of hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic effects as detected by liver and kidney functions tests, which improved gradually with propolis nanoparticles treatment. The molecular studies showed an increase in transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β), Nephrin, and Caspase‐9, while Bcl‐2 levels dropped in both liver and kidney tissue samples; such changes were normalized after treatment. The histological findings confirm both biochemical and molecular studies. Our results indicated that propolis nanoparticles had an anti‐inflammatory effect as proved by decreased expression of TGF‐β in liver tissue and Nephrin in kidney tissue. The propolis nanoparticles showed an anti‐apoptotic effect on liver and kidney tissue increasing the expression of Bcl‐2 and decreasing the expression of Caspase‐9.     

益气活血化瘀汤对膜性肾病大鼠肾脏组织Nephrin mRNA 和Podocin mRNA表达的影响

目的观察益气活血化瘀汤对膜性肾病大鼠肾脏组织Nephrin mRNA、Podocin mRNA表达的影响。方法 SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组和造模组,其中造模组采用抗近端小管刷状缘抗原(抗Fx1A)血清一次性尾静脉注射诱导被动型海曼(Heymann)肾炎模型,造模成功后将造模组随机分为模型组、洛丁新组及益气活血化瘀汤低、中、高剂量组,每组6只。每组按相应剂量灌胃4周,每周收取大鼠24 h尿量,检测24 h尿蛋白定量(UTP)。4周末处死大鼠,心脏取血,检测血肌酐(Scr)、尿素氮(BUN)、血清总蛋白(TP)、血清白蛋白(ALB)、总胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)、三酰甘油(TG)水平,取肾脏行Masson、PASM染色观测肾脏组织病理改变,免疫荧光法观察Ig G、C3改变,实时荧光PCR检测Nephrin mRNA、Podocin mRNA的表达。结果与正常对照组比较,其余5组UTP均升高(P0.05),Nephrin mRNA、Podocin mRNA表达量均减少(P0.01);与模型组比较,给药组UTP均减少(P0.05),Nephrin和Podocin mRNA表达量均增加(P0.01),TP、ALB有所升高但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),Scr、BUN、TC、HDL-c、TG差异无统计学意义(P0.05);与洛丁新组比较,益气活血化瘀汤低、中、高剂量组UTP有所减少,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05),各生化指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05),益气活血化瘀汤低、中、高剂量组肾脏组织Nephrin mRNA、Podocin mRNA表达均有所增加,但差异无统计学意义(P0.05);益气活血化瘀汤各组之间各指标差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论益气活血化瘀汤可明显减少膜性肾病大鼠的尿蛋白程度,减少肾脏病理损伤,上调肾脏组织Nephrin mRNA、Podocin mRNA的表达,延缓膜性肾病的进展。     

糖尿病肾病MKR小鼠蛋白尿与尿中nephrin、PCX含量相关性分析

目的 通过检测糖尿病肾病（DN）MKR小鼠足细胞结构蛋白nephrin 与足细胞标记蛋白（PCX）在肾组织中的表达量及尿中的含量,分析尿微量白蛋白(UmAlb)与尿中nephrin、PCX蛋白含量的相关性。方法 取30只8周龄MKR小鼠随机分为2组（空白组和DN组）,空白组以普通饲料喂养,将DN组小鼠单肾切除并加以高脂喂养2个月复制DN模型;另取15只同龄C57野生鼠为正常对照组,以普通饲料喂养。造模前1 d、喂养4周及8周后,采用电化学法检测各组小鼠空腹血糖(FBG);喂养8周后,取各组小鼠肾脏组织,用电镜观察肾组织足细胞形态结构;Western blot检测肾组织中nephrin、PCX蛋白表达含量;ELISA 法测定尿中UmAlb含量及nephrin、PCX蛋白表达含量。结果 电镜结果显示:喂养8周后,与C57组比较,DN组小鼠肾小球足细胞结构损伤明显,DN组FBG升高( P<0.01),且肾组织中nephrin、PCX蛋白表达下调,而尿中nephrin、PCX蛋白含量及UmAlb 含量均升高( P<0.01)。相关分析显示,尿UmAlb与尿中nephrin和PCX蛋白含量呈正相关（相关系数r=0.920,决定系数R 2=0.829, P<0.05)。结论 尿中nephrin、PCX蛋白含量与UmAlb含量呈正相关,足细胞结构蛋白丢失可能是导致糖尿病肾病蛋白尿的机制之一。     

柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病大鼠肾小球足细胞nephrin表达的影响

目的：探讨柴芩肾安方对IgA肾病（IgAN）大鼠肾小球足细胞nephrin表达的影响。方法：通过切除单侧肾并反复静脉注射葡萄球菌肠毒素B（SEB）复制大鼠IgAN模型,分为正常组、切肾组、IgAN组、柴芩肾安方组和氯沙坦组。第12周末,检测各组大鼠24h尿蛋白量（Upr）,观察肾小球形态学和超微结构变化,并采用免疫组化和实时定量PCR法检测肾小球足细胞nephrin蛋白及mRNA的表达。结果：与正常组相比,IgAN组大鼠Upr显著升高（P〈0.01）,肾小球系膜增生,足突融合明显,足细胞nephrin蛋白及mRNA表达均明显下调（P〈0.01）。经柴芩肾安方治疗后上述指标均明显改善,与IgAN组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论：柴芩肾安方能减轻IgAN大鼠蛋白尿及肾小球病变,这可能与其恢复肾小球足细胞nephrin表达有关。     

Protective effect ofACTH4-10 on adriamycin-induced podocyte injury

Objective To observe the influence of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH4-10) in the changes of podocyte proliferation, apoptosis and expression of nephrin and podocin on adriamycin(ADR) -induced podocyte injury and investigate the protective effect ofACTH4-10. Methods All podocytes were randomly divided into following groups: normal control, ADR-induced group andACTH4-10 intervention group (low, middle and high concentration). Normal control group was not treated, ADR-induced group was induced to set the model of podocyte injury by ADR (1 μmol/L) for 24 hours andACTH4-10 intervention groups were intervened by 1 μg/L, 10 μg/L and 100 μg/LACTH4-10 for 1 hours respectively, prior to setting the model of podocyte injury. Cell counting kit (CCK-8) was used to detect the multiplication of podocytes and TUNEL apoptosis detection kit was used to detect podocyte apoptosis. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to examine the expression of nephrin and podocin. Results Compared with control group, podocyte proliferation and expression of nephrin and podocin was decreased significantly in ADR-induced group (P＜0.05), meanwhile podocyte apoptosis was increased obviously (38.14% vs 5.12%). Compared with ADR-induced group, podocyte proliferation and expression of nephrin and podocin was increased generally with concentration ofACTH4-10. Although podocyte apoptosis rates (20.45%, 17.39%, 11.02%) were increased inACTH4-10 intervention group (low, middle and high concentration) while comparing with normal control group, podocyte apoptosis decreased obviously while comparing with ADR-induced group. ConclusionsACTH4-10 can stabilize the expression of nephrin and podocin on slid diaphragm, and has the protective effect on podocyte injury induced by ADR, while the effect depends on the concentration ofACTH4-10.