Gastrointestinal complications after kidney transplantation

Gastrointestinal complications are common after renal transplantation, and they have a wide clinical spectrum, varying from diarrhoea to post-transplant inflammatory bowel disease(IBD). Chronic immunosuppression may increase the risk of post-transplant infection and medication-related injury and may also be responsible for IBD in kidney transplant re-cipients despite immunosuppression. Differentiating the various forms of post-transplant colitis is challenging, since most have similar clinical and histological features. Drug-related colitis are the most frequently encountered colitis after kidney transplantation, particularly those related to the chronic use of mycophenolate mofetil, while de novo IBDs are quite rare. This review will explore colitis after kidney transplantation, with a particular focus on different clinical and histological features, attempting to clearly identify the right treatment, thereby improving the final outcome of patients.     

多靶点治疗难治性成人肾病综合征疗效观察

目的：探讨多靶点治疗对难治性成人肾病综合征(RNS)患者肾功能的影响。方法选取2012年5月至2014年5月我院肾内科收治的78例RNS患者作为研究对象,采用数字随机表法分为对照组和观察组各39例,均给予常规治疗,观察组给予泼尼松+霉酚酸酯+他克莫司治疗,对照组给予泼尼松+环磷酰胺,治疗前后检测两组患者24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白(ALB)、血肌酐(Scr)水平,以及白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、尿白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及T淋巴细胞水平。评估两组患者的疗效及用药安全性。结果观察组患者治疗有效率为71.79%(28/39),明显高于对照组的41.03%(16/39),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后24 h尿蛋白定量、Scr水平明显低于对照组[(0.71±0.82) g/24 h vs (1.30±1.06) g/24 h、(70.26±9.66)μmol/L vs (76.27±10.28)μmol/L],ALB明显高于对照组[(36.87±6.29) g/L vs (32.04±5.28) g/L],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的IL-6、IL-8水平均明显下降,且低于对照组[(42.34±9.37) pg/ml vs (63.68±8.23) pg/ml、(59.86±9.85) pg/ml vs (81.06±5.29) pg/ml],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组患者治疗后的CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+均明显高于对照组[(63.39±5.29)%vs (58.67±6.07)%、(36.11±5.16)%vs (31.05±5.97)%、(1.53±0.71)%vs (1.27±0.86)%],差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组和对照组的不良用药反应率分别为25.64%(10/39)和30.77%(12/39),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.25,P>0.05)。结论泼尼松+霉酚酸酯+他克莫司多靶点治疗RNS能够改善肾功能,维持机体免疫功能,提高临床疗效。     

吗替麦考酚酯联合泼尼松治疗老年难治性肾病综合征观察

目的：观察吗替麦考酚酯治疗老年难治性肾病综合征的疗效及安全性。方法： 老年难治性肾病综合征患者69例随机分为观察组和对照组。在口服泼尼松0.5mg·kg^-1·d^-1治疗基础上,观察组联用吗替麦考酚酯,对照组联用环磷酰胺,进行1年的随访。观察两组患者治疗前,治疗后6、12个月时24 h尿蛋白定量、血清白蛋白、血肌酐的变化情况,并记录两组药品不良反应发生情况。结果：治疗12月后,吗替麦考酚酯组24 h尿蛋白定量较环磷酰胺组明显下降（P=0.021）、血清白蛋白明显升高（P=0.039）。治疗12月后,吗替麦考酚酯组总有效率为77.14%;环磷酰胺组总有效率为52.94%。吗替麦考酚酯组较环磷酰胺组疗效明显（P=0.041）。结论：吗替麦考酚酯联合小剂量激素可有效治疗老年难治性肾病综合征,且不良反应小。     

霉酚酸酯治疗原发难治性肾病综合征的临床效果

目的探讨霉酚酸酯治疗原发难治性肾病综合征的临床效果。方法选择本院收治的46例原发难治性肾病综合征患者,将其随机分为两组,研究组24例给予霉酚酸酯治疗,对照组22例给予环磷酰胺治疗,对比分析两组患者的临床疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,两组患者的各项检测指标均有明显改善,且研究组的改善情况明显优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01、P〈0．05）;两组患者的总有效率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;研究组患者的不良反应发生率（12．50％）明显低于对照组（40．91％）,组间差异有统计学意义（X2=4．8045,P〈0．05）。结论霉酚酸酯治疗原发难治性肾病综合征的临床效果显著,不良反应较少,具有重要的临床价值。     

Effect of mycophenolate mofetil on CD26 expression in the kidneys of diabetic rats

Objective To investigate the expression of CD26 (dipeptidyl peptidase 4) in the kidney tissues of diabetic rats and the effects of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) on the renal CD26 expression. Methods Wistar rats were randomly divided into three groups: normal control group (NC group, n=7), diabetic model group (DM group, n=7) and MMF-treated group (MMF group, n=7). Wistar rats were fed with high-sucrose-high-fat diet and injected with streptozotocin into abdominal cavity to induce diabetes. Sixteen weeks later, blood glucose (BG), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (Scr), renal hypertrophy index (kidney weight/body weight) and 24 hour urinary protein (24Upro) were measured. The number of CD3+/CD4+ T cells in renal tissues were measured through flow cytometry. The expression of CD26 in kidney was examined by using Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with NC group, BG, BUN, Scr, kidney weight/body weight, 24Upro were significantly increased in DM group (P﹤0.05). Except BG and kidney weight/body weight, the above-mentioned parameters were lower in MMF group compared with that in DM group (P﹤0.05). Intrarenal CD3+/CD4+ T cells were significantly up-regulated in DM group compared with that in NC group (P﹤0.01). CD26 in renal tissue was mainly expressed in T lymphocytes of renal interstitium. CD26 expression in DM group was significantly higher than that in NC group, and also higher than that in MMF group (P﹤0.05). In DM group, CD26+ T lymphocytes infiltration of renal interstitium was positively correlated with 24Upro (r2=0.770, P﹤0.05). Conclusions CD26 is related with diabetic nephropathy. MMF maybe inhibit T lymphocytes infiltration to reduce the expression of CD26 in renal interstitium, thus protecting the kidney function.     

吗替麦考酚酯分散片的研制

目的 研制吗替麦考酚酯分散片.方法 以崩解度、硬度、分散均匀性、颗粒流动性和可压性为考察指标,采用湿法制拉工艺,对不同辅料组成的处方进行筛选.结果 以微晶纤维素为填充剂,交联PVP为崩解剂,淀粉浆为粘合剂的工艺制备的吗替麦考酚酯分散片崩解迅速,分散均匀,溶出快而完全,达到分散片的要求.结论 优化处方制备的分散片崩解迅速,溶出度高,工艺简单.     

霉酚酸酯治疗弥漫增生性狼疮肾炎的临床观察

目的 :评估霉酚酸酯联合强的松治疗弥漫增生性狼疮肾炎的疗效及其安全性。方法 :4 6例患者随机分成 2组 ,治疗组口服霉酚酸酯加强的松 12个月 ;对照组静滴环磷酰胺加口服强的松 6个月 ,之后给予强的松和硫唑嘌呤 6个月。结果 :治疗组的 2 5个病人中的 80 %完全缓解 ,对照组中 76 %完全缓解 ,而治疗组、对照组病人部分缓解率分别为 17%和 14 %。每组各有 1个病人因副作用中断治疗 ,治疗过程中治疗组有 2 0 % ,对照组有 33%病人出现感染 (P =0 .2 9)。同时观察到仅对照组病人中出现闭经 (占病人中的 2 3% )、脱发 (19% )、白细胞减少 (10 % )及死亡(10 % )等副反应。治疗组、对照组复发率分别为 13%和 11%。结论 :对于弥漫增生性狼疮肾炎的治疗 ,霉酚酸酯和强的松联合治疗的方案与环磷酰胺和强的松治疗后序贯使用硫唑嘌呤的方案效果相同 ,而前者的副作用较少     

霉酚酸酯预防肾移植术后近期急性排斥反应的观察

目的 :观察霉酚酸酯 (MMF)在预防肾移植术后近期 (3个月 )急性排斥反应 (AR)的情况。方法 :将 112例患者随机分成 2组 ,MMF(2 .0 g/d)组和硫唑嘌呤 (Aza)组。两组患者均同时接受相似剂量的环孢素 A和类固醇激素治疗。结果 :观察 3个月 ,MMF组 6 0例 ,AR发生率为 16 .7% (10 /6 0 ) ,Aza组 5 2例 ,AR发生率为 42 .3%(2 2 /5 2 ) ,两组差异有极显著意义 (P <0 .0 1)。 MMF组 5例出现血白细胞、血小板等不同程度下降 ,3例出现腹泻 ,在 MMF减量或停药后均恢复正常 ,未见有 MMF引起的肝、肾功能异常病例 ;Aza组有 9例出现肝功能损害。结论 :MMF具有预防和减少肾移植术后近期 AR效果 ,MMF的安全性可靠 ,副作用轻且为可逆性。     

HPLC法测定人血浆中霉酚酸的浓度及药动学研究

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中霉酚酸浓度的方法,并对其在人体内的药动学参数进行研究。方法:霉酚酸血浆样品经甲醇沉淀后直接进样测定,其中色谱柱为Symmetry Shield C18,流动相为乙腈-水-三乙胺(40∶60∶0.3),流速为1.0mL·min-1,柱温为30℃,测定波长为218nm,进样量为20μL。结果:霉酚酸检测浓度在0.2~50mg·L-1范围内与峰面积积分值线性关系良好(r=0.9996),定量下限为0.2mg·L-1;平均方法回收率为101.94%,平均提取回收率为87.06%;日内、日间RSD均<6%。另,人体药动学研究表明,霉酚酸在体内存在肠肝循环导致双峰出现,人体过程符合单室开放模型。结论:本方法简便、灵敏、专一、准确、精密,可用于霉酚酸的药动学研究。     

他克莫司联合吗替麦考酚酯用于慢性移植肾功能减退患者的临床疗效观察

目的:探讨肾移植术后免疫抑制剂替换应用的经验。方法:观察23例肾移植术后肾功能减退患者由环孢素A联合硫唑嘌呤转换为他克莫司联合吗替麦考酚酯方案治疗后,移植肾功能的变化及其不良反应。结果:替换前患者血肌酐水平167～478μmol·mL-1,平均(268±78)μmol·mL-1,替换后血肌酐水平112～346μmol·mL-1,平均(174±65)μmol·mL-1,配对t检验,P<0·001,差异有统计学意义。结论:他克莫司联合吗替麦考酚酯方案用于肾移植术后慢性肾功减退患者安全、有效。