Longitudinal Tears of Both Peroneal Tendons Associated With Tophaceous Gouty Infiltration. A Case Report

The authors report a case of longitudinal tendon tears of the peroneus longus and brevis in the presence of tophaceous gouty infiltration. There are a limited number of reports discussing similar processes affecting various tendons throughout the body. There has been 1 prior case of peroneal tendon involvement affecting only the peroneus brevis. A 35-year-old man presented with a 4-year history of left-sided lateral ankle pain, redness, and swelling. The patient described the "attacks" as occurring off and on, with a recent increase in frequency. The symptoms were relieved with indomethacin, colchicine, and narcotic analgesics. Upon clinical evaluation, there was a cavus foot type with moderate calcaneal varus. Peroneal subluxation was elicited with resisted eversion. An MRI evaluation revealed longitudinal tears of both peroneal tendons. During surgical repair, a chalky-white substance resembling gouty tophi was present within both tendon tears. The tendons were remodeled and repaired. The patient had an uneventful postoperative course with nearly completed resolution of his symptoms at 1-year follow-up. The patient was referred to his primary care physician for further evaluation and long-term control of elevated uric acid levels.     

Spontaneous rupture of extensor pollicis longus tendon with tophaceous gout infiltration

Introduction Spontaneous rupture of the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) tendon has been reported in the literature. Various mechanisms have been proposed to account for this problem, but gouty infiltration is a rare mechanism. Here we report a patient with a long-standing history of gout who presented with sudden loss of interphalangeal extension of the left thumb. Spontaneous rupture of the EPL tendon caused by gout was discovered.Materials and methods The successful treatment done involved surgical exploration and extensor indicis proprius tendon transfer. Postoperative thumb spica immobilization for 6 weeks was applied.Results Pathology disclosed urate crystals deposited within the ruptured EPL tendon. The functional recovery is satisfactory at the 1-year follow-up. Conclusion Spontaneous rupture of the EPL tendon caused by gout is rare. Successful treatment was done with surgical management. Life-long medical follow-up to prevent a repeated acute attack can lower the risk of a large amount of tophaceous gout infiltration in tendons and may possibly prevent acute spontaneous tendon rupture.     

Flexor digitorum longus accessorius in the club foot of an infant with Nager syndrome

The case of a male infant is reported who had club foot on the right side and pes adductus on the left side in combination with acrofacial dysostosis; he also demonstrated preaxial anomalies of the upper limbs indicative of Nager syndrome. In addition, an unusual aberrant muscle was discovered during surgical correction of the right club foot. Received: 22 March 1999     

Exercising with blocked muscle glycogenolysis: Adaptation in the McArdle mouse

Background

McArdle disease (glycogen storage disease type V) is an inborn error of skeletal muscle metabolism, which affects glycogen phosphorylase (myophosphorylase) activity leading to an inability to break down glycogen. Patients with McArdle disease are exercise intolerant, as muscle glycogen-derived glucose is unavailable during exercise. Metabolic adaptation to blocked muscle glycogenolysis occurs at rest in the McArdle mouse model, but only in highly glycolytic muscle. However, it is unknown what compensatory metabolic adaptations occur during exercise in McArdle disease.

Quantification of the Learning Curve for Arthroscopic Os Trigonum Excision

The purpose of the present study was to quantify the learning curve for arthroscopic os trigonum excision using the log-linear model. Twenty-three consecutive feet underwent arthroscopic os trigonum excision and release of the flexor hallucis longus. The required time from the beginning of shaving of the soft tissue until completion of os trigonum excision and release of the flexor hallucis longus (van Dijk time) was recorded. Regression analysis was applied to predict the required time on the basis of the cumulative case volume after logarithmic transformation of both statistics. The mean required time was 35.2 (range 9 to 90) minutes. After logarithmic transformation, a significant linear correlation was observed between the required time and the cumulative case volume (p?=?.0043). The best-fit linear equation was calculated as log (y, estimated required time)? = ?0.41 log (x, case volume) + 1.86, resulting in an estimated learning rate of 75.3% (= 2^?0.41). The results showed an overall time reduction in arthroscopic os trigonum excision in support of a learning curve effect with an ~75% learning rate, indicating that the required time for arthroscopic os trigonum excision can decrease by ≤25% when the cumulative volume of cases has doubled.     

Survival, reinnervation, and histochemical maturation of skeletal muscle xenografts in the nude mouse.

Sensory neurons of rats survive and induce the formation of taste buds in vallate papillae when grafts of rat ganglion and mouse tongue are combined in the anterior chamber of the eyes of the immunologically deficient nude mouse. The present study was undertaken to determine if cross-species neuromuscular reinnervations also occur in grafts to nude mice. The intact extensor digitorum longus muscle was taken from 20-day-old normal rats and transplanted into the site formerly occupied by the excised extensor digitorum longus muscle of nude mice. Rat muscles were placed into an innervated or denervated graft site of nude mice, into an innervated graft site of normal mice, or into an innervated graft site of nude mice immunologically reconstituted by a thymus gland graft. Autotransplantation of the extensor digitorum longus muscle to an innervated graft site was also performed in some nude mice. Many rat muscle fibers survived 60 days in nude mice, became reinnervated, and developed into histochemically defined muscle fiber types. Some rat muscle fibers survived in nude mice in a denervated graft site but these fibers were atrophic and did not form fiber types. All rat muscle fibers were rejected by normal mice or by immunologically reconstituted nude mice. Muscle fibers in autografts of nude mouse muscle also survived, became reinnervated, and formed fiber types. The present demonstration of cross-species neuromuscular reinnervation means that different animals have similar cell recognition mechanisms involved in the formation of a neuromuscular junction and in the neurotrophic induction and maintenance of muscle fiber types. Because it is quite likely that human muscle would survive in the nude mouse, this animal might be useful for elucidating the origin or reversibility of diseased human muscle.     

带腱周组织掌长肌腱的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的为带腱周组织掌长肌腱游离移植提供解剖学基础。方法对新鲜国人成年男性12侧前臂标本的掌长肌腱及其腱周组织进行解剖学研究,观测其大体形态,分别测量掌长肌腱腱性部分的长度、宽度(腱性部分中点处的宽度)及腱周组织的长度。结果掌长肌腱周围存在腱周组织,且长度大于其腱性部分;掌长肌腱的腱性部分长度为1240±068cm、宽度(腱性部分中点处的宽度)为366±036mm、腱周组织的长度为1550±060cm。结论应用带腱周组织掌长肌腱游离移植修复肌腱缺损、最大限度减轻肌腱粘连具有可行性。     

Diagnosis and treatment of peroneal tendon disorders

Peroneal tendon disorders are a common cause of lateral hindfoot pain and dysfunction that are often overlooked and misdiagnosed. Disorders can be divided into instability, inflammation and tears but often occur concurrently or as a result of each other. A detailed history and examination is required with an early level of suspicion as there are several differential diagnoses with similar presentations. Investigations such as ultrasound and MRI are useful to confirm diagnosis. Understanding of the pathophysiology and evidence-based management of peroneal disorders is mostly backed by opinion-based medical literature. The majority of acute disorders can be managed non-operatively with rest and physiotherapy but in many cases arthroscopic or open surgery is needed. If not managed appropriately the problem can become chronic and very challenging to treat. Early recognition of the characteristic clinical findings and the appropriate use of investigations and treatments is therefore essential to prevent this. This review article focuses on current understanding of common peroneal tendon pathologies, their diagnosis and treatment.